Table 1.

Pre-enrollment survey

Nudge Survey	Behavioral Economic Principle
Introduction: This is a survey to help us understand the relationship between the patient’s behaviors and their family’s feelings about participation in medical research.	Foot in the door
Please answer the following to the best of your ability about your loved one: (yes/no).	Framing: altruism
• My loved one would give directions to someone they didn’t know.
• My loved one would delay an elevator and hold the door for someone they didn’t know.
• My loved one would give clothes or goods to a charity.
• My loved one would give money to a charity.
• My loved one would offer to help a handicapped or elderly person across the street.
Statement: Many treatments used today that improve survival for patients in the intensive care unit were discovered through many patients’ participation in research studies.	Descriptive social norm
	Duty of reciprocity
Hypothetical: My loved one would participate in a research study if it was low risk to them and the information learned may help other patients in the future. (yes/no)	Mere-measurement effect