Table 3.
Demographic and disease-related features of the patients in the different clusters
| Cluster 1 (n = 227) | Cluster 2 (n = 181) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 51.5 ± 15.5 | 57.8 ± 16.6 | <0.001 |
| Gender (M/F) | 90/137 | 98/83 | 0.004 |
| Positive PCR test, n (%) | 143 (63.0) | 124 (68.5) | 0.25 |
| Pulmonary involvement,an (%) | 207 (91.2) | 173 (95.6) | 0.08 |
| Spo2 ≤92%,bn (%) | 45 (19.8) | 76 (42.0) | <0.001 |
| Fever,cn (%) | 41 (18.1) | 61 (33.7) | <0.001 |
| Time between onset of symptoms and hospitalization (days), mean ± SD | 3.5 ± 1.4 | 3.0 ± 1.3 | 0.06 |
| Disease severity (NEWS score), mean ± SD | 1.4 ± 1.8 | 2.8 ± 2.5 | <0.001 |
| Presenting symptoms, n (%) | |||
| Cough | 139 (61.2) | 96 (53.0) | 0.10 |
| Shortness of breath | 78 (34.4) | 73 (40.3) | 0.21 |
| Fever | 65 (28.6) | 86 (47.5) | <0.001 |
| Musculoskeletal | 32 (14.1) | 14 (7.7) | 0.04 |
| Headache | 16 (7.0) | 17 (9.4) | 0.38 |
| Nasal discharge | 2 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0.20 |
| Sore throat | 16 (7.0) | 11 (6.1) | 0.69 |
| Loss of taste or smell | 5 (2.2) | 6 (3.3) | 0.54 |
| Malaise | 72 (31.7) | 55 (30.4) | 0.77 |
| Diarrhoea | 10 (4.4) | 11 (6.1) | 0.44 |
| Nausea/vomiting | 15 (6.6) | 17 (9.4) | 0.29 |
| Loss of appetite | 9 (4.0) | 11 (6.1) | 0.36 |
| Co-morbidities, n (%) | |||
| Diabetes mellitus | 43 (18.9) | 53 (29.3) | 0.01 |
| Hypertension | 63 (27.8) | 67 (37.0) | 0.04 |
| Coronary arterial disease | 14 (6.2) | 29 (16.0) | 0.001 |
| COPD | 4 (1.8) | 9 (5.0) | 0.06 |
| Asthma | 23 (10.1) | 9 (5.0) | 0.05 |
| Malignancy | 6 (2.6) | 10 (5.5) | 0.13 |
| Obesityd | 6 (2.6) | 6 (3.3) | 0.68 |
| Chronic renal disease | 3 (1.3) | 10 (5.5) | 0.01 |
| Rheumatic diseases | 6 (2.6) | 7 (3.9) | 0.48 |
| Treatment, n (%) | |||
| Hydroxychloroquine | 226 (99.6) | 178 (98.3) | 0.32 |
| Azithromycin | 207 (91.2) | 169 (93.4) | 0.41 |
| Favipravir | 32 (14.1) | 53 (29.3) | <0.001 |
| Other antibiotics | 159 (70.0) | 142 (78.5) | 0.05 |
| Tocilizumab | 3 (1.3) | 5 (2.8) | 0.47 |
| Lopinavir–Ritonavir | 3 (1.3) | 7 (3.9) | 0.11 |
| Primary end points, n (%) | |||
| Deceased | 5 (2.2) | 21 (11.6) | 0.001 |
| Discharged | 222 (97.8) | 160 (88.4) | |
| Length of hospitalization, mean ± SD | 6.1 ± 5.3 | 8.6 ± 6.4 | <0.001 |
| Requirement for ICU | 8 (3.5) | 29 (16.0) | <0.001 |
| Requirement for MV | 7 (3.1) | 22 (12.2) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; F, female; ICU, intensive care unit; M, male; MV, mechanical ventilation PCR, polymerase chain reaction test for SARS-CoV-2; Spo2, saturation of oxygen.
a
Pulmonary involvement at any chest imaging.
b
During hospitalization.
c
Fever >38.0°C during hospitalization.
d
Obesity, body mass index ≥30 kg/m2.