| Vitamin C |
-
1.
Synthesis of collagen in connective tissue
-
2.
Antioxidant activity
-
3.
Regulation of DNA synthesis and histone methylation
-
4.
Immunomodulation by:
-
-
stimulating effect on the formation of IFN,
-
-
supporting of lymphocyte proliferation,
-
-
boosting of neutrophil phagocytic ability
-
5.
Enhances innate immunity of alveolar epithelial type II via inhibition of lactate secretion
|
| Vitamin D |
-
1.
Immunomodulation by downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines
-
2.
Reduce of acute lung injury by inhibitory effects on the angiopoietin-2-Tie-2 and renin-angiotensin signaling pathways
-
3.
Modulation of innate immune system
-
4.
Modulation of adaptive immune system by:
-
4.
Local “respiratory homeostasis” by induction of the release of some antimicrobial peptides
-
5.
Preserve of cell junctions
-
6.
Consolidation of cellular immunity
-
7.
Reduce of cytokine storm by effects on the releasing of TNF-α and IFN-γ
|
| Melatonin |
-
1.
Antioxidant activity by:
-
-
intracellular scavenging of hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals,
-
-
indirect enhancement of antioxidant enzyme activities (including glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase)
-
2.
Anti-inflammatory effect by preventing of the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines
-
3.
Probable role in suppression of initial cytokine storm
-
4.
Effect on immune system and respiratory cells via modulating of the calcium signaling pathways
-
5.
Effect on angiogenesis via inflammatory signaling pathways
-
6.
Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) properties
-
7.
Inhibition of pyroptosis
|
| Selenium |
-
1.
Antioxidant activity through incorporation into the selenoproteins
-
2.
Affects multiple types of immune responses including the expression of inflammatory protein and cytokines
-
3.
Effect on virus-host cell attachment interaction
-
4.
Inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme
-
5.
Anti-inflammatory activity
-
6.
Anti-clotting properties
|
| N-acetyl cysteine |
-
1.
Potential antioxidant, as a rate-limiting substrate for glutathione synthesis
-
2.
Role in increasing the number of immune cells
|
| Zinc |
-
1.
Maintenance of adaptive and innate immunity
-
2.
Important cofactor for several enzymes involved in the function of immune system
-
3.
Role in proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of lymphocytes and other leukocytes
-
4.
Regulation and formation of inflammatory responses
-
5.
Effect on viral biological processes including replication and the translation of viral proteins
-
6.
Antiviral activity by the stimulation of interferon-α secretion
|
