Table 1.

Current antiviral medications that could potentially affect the pathophysiology of COVID-19.

Target	Mechanism of action	Drug	Drug bank ID	Chemical formula	AHFS	Clinical trial phase for the treatment of COVID-19
ACE2	Angiotensin receptor blocker	Losartan	DB00678	C22H23ClN6O	Treat diabetic nephropathies (Pechlivanova et al., 2020), heart failure, hypertension (Corbett et al., 2020).	Phase 1
		Valsartan (Diovan)	DB00177	C24H29N5O3	Treat hypertension (Williams et al., 2017), heart failure (Sokos and Raina, 2020), post myocardial infarction (Gervais et al., 1999).	Phase 4
	Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor	Captopril	DB01197	C9H15NO3S	Treat hypertension (Atkinson and Robertson, 1979).	Phase 2
TMPRSS2	TMPRSS2 receptor inhibitor	Camostat mesylate	DB13729	C20H22N4O5	Treat chronic pancreatitis and drug-induced lung injury (Ota et al., 2016).	Phase 2
		Bromhexine	DB09019	C14H20Br2N2	An expectorant/mucolytic agent (Zanasi et al., 2017).	Phase 4
S protein		Umifenovir	DB13609	C22H25BrN2O3S	Treat influenza and other respiratory viral infections (Pshenichnaya et al., 2019).	Phase 4
Membranes fusion	Inhibitor of viral entry and endocytosis	Hydroxychloroquine	DB01611	C18H26ClN3O	Treat uncomplicated malaria (Lim et al., 2009), rheumatoid arthritis (Furst, 1996), chronic discoid lupus erythematosus, and systemic lupus erythematosus (Fox, 1993).	Phase 4
		Chloroquine	DB00608	C18H26ClN3	Treat malaria (Mwanza et al., 2016), rheumatic diseases (Haładyj et al., 2018), and prophylaxis of Zika virus (Li et al., 2017).	Phase 2
RdRp	RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibitor	Ribavirin	DB00811	C8H12N4O5	Treat chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection (Martin and Jensen, 2008).	Phase 1
		Remdesivir	DB14761	C27H35N6O8P	Treat Ebola virus (EBOV) (Warren et al., 2016).	Phase 2
		Favipiravir	DB12466	C5H4FN3O2	Treat influenza virus infections(Hayden and Shindo, 2019).	Phase 2
Protease	Viral protease inhibitor (PI)	Lopinavir	DB01601	C37H48N4O5	Treat human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection (Reddy et al., 2007).	Phase 1 & 2
		Ritonavir	DB00503	C37H48N6O5S2	Treat HIV infections (Tigabu et al., 2020).	Not Applicable
		Atazanavir	DB01072	C38H52N6O7	Treat HIV infections (Le Tiec et al., 2005).	Not Applicable
		Darunavir	DB01264	C27H37N3O7S	Treat HIV infections (Lombaard et al., 2018).	Phase 3
		Danoprevir	DB11779	C35H46FN5O9S	Treat hepatitis C (Wei et al., 2019).	Phase 4
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase	Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)	Emtricitabine	DB00879	C8H10FN3O3S	Treat HIV infections (Sax et al., 2017).	Phase 3
		Tenofovir	DB14126	C9H14N5O4P	Treat HIV infections (Klatt et al., 2017).	Phase 3
		Cobicistat	DB09065	C40H53N7O5S2	Treat HIV infections (Eron et al., 2018).	Phase 3

AHFS, American Hospital Formula Service.