Table 3.
Candidate COVID-19 vaccines.
| Vaccine candidate | Vaccine description | Association | Clinical trial phase | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Viral vector (replicating/non-replicating) | Adenovirus-vectored using AdVac® and PER.C6® technology | Jonson &Johnson. New Brunswick, New Jersy, United States. | Pre-clinical (Phase 1, Sep 2020) | (Johnson and Johnson, 2020). |
| Adenovirus type 5 vector that expresses S protein (Ad5-nCoV) | CanSino Biologics. Tianjin, China. | Phase 1 | (Fengcai et al., 2020). | |
| Modified chimpanzee adenovirus (ChAdOx1) | Oxford's Jenner Institute. Oxford, United Kingdom. | Phase 1/2 | (Doremalen et al. (2020). | |
| Whole virus | Live-attenuated virus | Codagenix. Long Island, New York, United States.Serum Institute of India. Pune, India. | Pre-clinical | (Farmingdale, 2020). |
| Recombinant protein/ protein subunit | Recombinant nanoparticle technology | Novavax. Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States. | Pre-clinical | (Pharmaceutical Technology, 2020). |
| Protein-based vaccine using molecular clamp platform | University of Queensland. Brisbane, Australia./Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI). Oslo, Norway. | Pre-clinical | (Hennessy, 2020). | |
| Coronavirus RBD protein-based vaccine | Baylor College of Medicine. Huston, Texas, United States. Fudan University. Shanghi, China. New York Blood Center. New York, United states. University of Texas Medical Branch. Texas, United States. | Pre-clinical | (Mukherjee, 2020). | |
| S-trimer recombinant protein using trimer-Tag technology | Clover Bipharmaceuticals. Chengdu, China. | Pre-clinical | (Clover Biopharmaceuticals, 2020). | |
| Oral recombinant protein vaccine using VAAST platform | Vaxart. San Francisco, California, United States. | Pre-clinical | (Vaxart, 2020). | |
| Nucleic Acid(DNA/RNA) | DNA vaccine (INO-4800, based on INO-4700 MERS vaccine) | INOVIO Pharmaceuticals. Pennsylvania, United States /Beijing Advaccine Biotechnology.Co. Beijin, China / CEPI | Phase 1 | (Yang, 2020). |
| mRNA vaccine | Moderna. Massachusettes, United States /CEPI/NIH. Bethesda, Maryland, United States. | Phase 2 | (ModernaTX, 2020). | |
| CEPI/ CureVac. Tubingen, Germany. | Pre-clinical | (Smith, 2020). | ||
| Vector-modified cells/ T-cell- based immunotherapy | LV-SMENP-DCmodified DCs with lentivirus vector to express minigene (SMENP) and immune modulatory genes | Shenzhen Geno-Immune Medical Institute. Shenzhen, Guandong, China. | Phase 2 | (Cheng, 2020a). |
| Modified pathogen-specific artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs) by lentivirus vector to express immune modulatory and viral genes | Shenzhen Geno-Immune Medical institute | Phase 1 | (Cheng, 2020b). |