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Incidence of the primary CVD outcome, heart failure and all-cause mortality by baseline serum bicarbonate. The primary CVD outcome includes nonfatal MI, acute coronary syndrome not resulting in an MI, nonfatal stroke, nonfatal acute decompensated heart failure and death from cardiovascular causes. Heart failure includes nonfatal and fatal acute decompensated heart failure. Shaded areas denote 95% point-wise CIs.
