Table 2.

Clinical trials of fecal microbiota transplantation in pediatric IBD

Heading	Author	No. of patients	Severity	Route	Donor	Fresh/frozen	Frequency	Clinical remission	Clinical response	Follow-up
UC	Kunde et al., 2013 [90]	10	Mild-Moderate (PUCAI 15–65)	Enema	Related and unrelated	Fresh	5 Consecutive days	Week 1: 3/9 (33%)	Week 1: 7/9 (78%)	4 Weeks
								Week 4: 3/9 (33%)	Week 4: 6/9 (67%)
	Kellermayer et al., 2015 [91]	3	Immunotherapy dependent but controlled (Mayo 0–1)	Colonoscopy followed by enemas	Unrelated	Frozen	22–30 (daily for fortnight, thrice weekly for fortnight, then weekly for 6–12 weeks)	3/3 (100%)	-	3 Months
	Vandenplas et al., 2015 [92]	1	Severe (PUCAI 60–75)	Colonoscopy first 2 infusions	Related	Fresh	7 times (interval not shown)	1	­-	6 Months
				Nasoduodenal tube next 5 infusions
	Suskind et al., 2015 [94]	4	Mild–moderate (PUCAI 20–55)	Nasogastrtuc tube	NR	Fresh	Single	0	0	12 Weeks
	Shimizu et al., 2016 [96]	1	Severe, steroid dependent UC	Colonoscopy first 1 infusion	Related	Fresh	16 Times for 10 months	1	0	10 Months
				Enema next 4 infusions (5–day course), then 11 infusions for 10 months/
	Pai et al., 2016 [95]	2	Active	Unrelated	Enemas	Frozen	12 Times (biweekly for 6 weeks)	0	0	NR
	Kumagai et al., 2016 [96]	1	Severe (PUCAI 85)	Enema first 2 infusions, Nasoduodenal tube next 4 infusions	Related	Fresh	6 Times within 10 days	0 (Required colectomy)	0	3 Months
	Karolewska­ Bochenek et al., 2018 [97]	8	Moderate-Severe (PUCAI 15–70)	Gastroscopy or Nasoduodenal tube	Unrelated	NR	5 Consecutive days	3/8 (37.5%)	7/8 (87.5%)	4 Weeks
							3 Days alternatively
	Goyal et al., 2018 [98]	12	Mild-moderate (PUCAI <65)	Both gastroscopy (20–30 mL) and colonoscopy (200–250 mL)	Related and unrelated	Fresh	Single	6 Months: 0/14 (0%)	1 Month: 7/14 (50 %)	6 Months
									6 Months: 3/14 (21.4 %)
	Yodoshi et al., 2018 [99]	2	Severe refractory UC	Colonoscopy for one patient, and Nasoduodenal tube for another (As desired)	Related	Fresh	5 Consecutive days	Week 3: 2/2	­-	2 Years
								Week 4: 1/2 (1 had undergone colectomy)
CD	Suskind et al., 2015 [100]	9	Mild-moderate (PCDAI 10–29)	Nasogastrtuc tube	Related	Fresh	Single	Week 2: 7/9 (78%)	NR	12 Weeks
								Week 6&12: 5/9 (56%)
	Karolewska­ Bochenek et al., 2018 [97]	2	Moderate­severe (PCDAI 15–37.5)	Gastroscopy or nasoduodenal tube	Unrelated	NR	5 Consecutive days	2/2 (100%)	2/2 (100%)	4 Weeks
							3 Days alternatively
	Goyal et al., 2018 [98]	4	Mild-moderate (PCDAI<40)	Both gastroscopy (20–30 mL) and colonoscopy (200–250 mL)	Related and unrelated	Fresh	Single	6 Months: 2/7 (28.6 %)	1 Month: 5/7 (71%)	6 Months
									6 Months: 3/7 (43 %)

IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; UC, ulcerative colitis; CD, Crohn disease; PUCAI, pediatric ulcerative colitis activity index; NR, not reported.