Table 2.
Results of linear mixed models: time effects for outcome variables with overall Estimated Marginal Means
| Variable |
β (SE) (time effect)a |
p (time effect) |
β (SE) (time2 effect)a |
p (time2 effect) | Baseline Mean (SE) |
6 Months Mean (SE) | Cohen’s d (baseline—6 months) |
12 Months Mean (SE) | Cohen’s d (baseline—12 months) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
SCAREDb,c (anxiety; 10–20 years, n = 50) |
− 1.065 (.103) | <.001 | .013 (.002) | <.001 | 37.8 (1.9) | 18.7 (1.9) | − 1.41 | 18.6 (2.3) | − 1.27 |
|
HADS-Ac (anxiety; 21–25 years, n = 20) |
− .216 (.037) | <.001 | .003 (.001) | <.001 | 9.5 (0.6) | 5.9 (0.6) | − 1.39 | 6.3 (0.6) | − 1.14 |
|
CDI (depression; 10–17 years, n = 35) |
− .078 (.013) | <.001 | NA | NA | 9.0 (0.8) | 6.9 (0.7) | − 0.71 | 4.9 (0.8) | − 1.01 |
|
BDI-IIc (depression; 18–25 years, n = 35) |
− .360 (.057)d | <.001 | .005 (.001) | <.001 | 13.9 (1.2) | 5.8 (1.1) | − 1.82e | 5.2 (1.2) | − 1.81e |
|
IMPACT-III total scoreb (HRQOL; 10–20 years, n = 50) |
.223 (.035) | <.001 | NA | NA | 140.1 (2.0) | 146.1 (1.8) | 0,82 | 151.9 (2.1) | 0.84 |
|
IMPACT-III Social functioning (10–20 years, n = 50) |
.055 (.013) | <.001 | NA | NA | 49.5 (0.8) | 51.0 (0.7) | 0.47 | 52.4 (0.8) | 0.53 |
|
IBDQ total score (HRQOL; 21–25 years, n = 20) |
.292 (.094) | .003 | NA | NA | 168.1 (3.8) | 176.0 (3.1) | 1.02 | 183.5 (4.2) | 0.84 |
|
IBDQ social functioning (21–25 years, n = 20) |
.060 (.029) | .006 | NA | NA | 29.7 (0.9) | 31.3 (0.8) | 0.58 | 32.9 (1.0) | 0.71 |
|
CERQ adaptive coping (10–25 years, n = 70) |
− .086 (.037) | .024 | NA | NA | 59.1 (1.8) | 56.8 (1.7) | − 0.21 | 54.6 (2.1) | − 0.31 |
|
CERQ maladaptive coping (10–25 years, n = 70) |
− .092 (.020) | <.001 | NA | NA | 27.8 (0.9) | 25.3 (0.8) | − 0.50 | 22.9 (1.1) | − 0.68 |
|
B-IPQ (illness perceptions; 10–25 years, n = 70) |
− .149 (.022) | <.001 | NA | NA | 39.9 (1.3) | 35.9 (1.2) | 0.55 | 32.0 (1.4) | − 0.71 |
|
YSR/ASR (sleep problems; 10–25 years, n = 70) |
− .004 (.003) | .070 | NA | NA | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.7 (0.1) | 0.24 | 0.6 (0.1) | − 0.26 |
Significant effects are highlighted in bold
NA not applicable
aFor the SCARED, HADS-A, CDI, BDI-II, CERQ Adaptive coping, B-IPQ, and YSR/ASR, a negative beta indicates improvement of problems and a negative Cohen’s d indicates improvement of problems over time. For the IMPACT-III, IMPACT-III Social functioning, IBDQ, IBDQ Social functioning, and CERQ maladaptive coping, a positive beta indicates improvement of problems and a positive Cohen’s d indicates improvement of problems over time. For all outcomes, the beta is the time effect for both groups, unless otherwise specified
bFor these outcomes, the linear mixed model also included a random slope for time, whereas for all the other outcomes the model included only fixed factors and a random intercept
cFor these outcomes, the linear mixed model also included a quadratic term of time
dSince the interaction of time and group is significant for the BDI-II, this beta is the time effect for the control group
eFor the BDI-II, Cohen’s d reflects the effect size for the control group