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. 2020 Jun 26;472(9):1273–1298. doi: 10.1007/s00424-020-02417-x

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Integrative physiology of glucose transporters (GLUTs) in the liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. Expression levels of main GLUT isoforms are regulated by a diversity of metabolic stimuli including fasting and physical activity (exercise) and by certain pathophysiological conditions such as type 2 diabetes (T2DM). A complex inter-organ network is necessary to maintain whole-body energy metabolism in balance. This interaction is regulated by secretion of various factors into the circulation to facilitate tissue crosstalk. The distinct trigger mechanisms for the secretion of these factors are indicated by the respective arrow color (gray, fasting conditions; blue, exercise/physical activity; red, T2DM). In addition, the impact of these three (patho)physiological conditions on gene and/or protein expression of the diverse GLUTs as well as transport of GLUT substrates (e.g., glucose, fructose) is presented by small colored arrows next to the respective GLUT. TGs, triglycerides; FGF-21, fibroblast growth factor 21; TGF-β2, transforming growth factor β2; RBP4, retinol binding protein 4; FAHFAs, fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids