Table 9.
Various studies and clinical trials reported on the use of Povidone-iodine (PVP–I) against COVID-19.
| S.No | Type of study | Indication | Application and clinical intervention | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Povidone-iodine (PVP–I) | PVP-I mouth wash (1:30 dilution) | Inactivate both SARS-CoV and MERSCoV following a 15- second exposure | [189] |
| 2. | Povidone-iodine (PVP–I) novel intervention strategy | Dilute centrations (e.g. 0.001%) 1.Nasalirrigation: 240 mL of 0.4% PVP-Isolution (dilution of 10 mL of commercially available 10% aqueous PVP-I into 240 mL of normal saline with a sinus rinse delivery bottle. 2.Oral/or-opharyngeal wash:10 mL of 0.5% aqueous PVP-Isolution (1:20 di-lution in sterile or distilled water); in addition to appropriate PPE. The following outlines a stratified treatment.approach: 1. Apply nasal and oral PVP-I every 2–3 h, upto 4 × /day inpatients that: a. Have suspected/confirmed SARS-CoV 2 infection. b. Are undergoing high-risk procedures (e.g.those involving nasal mucosal, oral, pharyngeal, andpulmonarysecretions) c. Are from COVID-19 hotspots 2.Apply nasal and oral PVP-I before and after patient contact (with repeated contact, apply every 2–3 h, upto4 × /day) in healthcare providers that: i. Are involved in care of patients with suspected/confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection ii. Are involved in high-risk procedures of patients in COVID-19 hotspots c.Lack adequate PPE (e.g.N95,PAPR) iii.Optional nasal and oral application of PVP-I every 2–3 h, up to 4 × /day inpatients and/or healthcare providers in: •High-risk procedures in asymptomatic patients •COVID-19 hotspots |
Opical nasal and oral solution. Topical applications of PVP-I to attenuate nosocomial transmission of COVID-19 surrounding head and neck and skull base oncology care. |
[190] |
| 3. | Povidone-iodine (PVP–I) in-vitro efficacy | Different formulations of povidone-iodine (PVP–I: 4% PVP-I skin cleanser, 7.5% PVP-I surgical scrub, and 1% PVP-I gargle/mouthwash) against a reference virus (Modified vaccinia virus Ankara, MVA) and MERS-CoV was evaluated. | A reduction in virus titer of C4 log10 (corresponding to inactivation of C99.99%) was regarded as evidence of virucidal activity. This was achieved versus MVA and MERS-CoV, under both clean and dirty conditions, within 15 s of application of each undiluted PVP-I product. Data indicated that PVP-I-based hand wash products for potentially contaminated skin, and PVP-I gargle/mouthwash for reduction of viral load in the oral cavity and the oropharynx, may help to support hygiene measures to prevent transmission of MERS-CoV. |
[191] |
| 4. | In-vitro bactericidal and virucidal efficacy of povidone-iodine (PVP–I) against oral and respiratory tract pathogens | 7% gargle/mouthwash | PVP-I gargle/mouthwash diluted 1:30 (equivalent to a concentration of 0.23% PVP-I) showed effective bactericidal activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus pneumoniae and rapidly inactivated SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, influenza virus A (H1N1) and rotavirus after 15 s of exposure. PVP-I 7% gargle/mouthwash showed rapid bactericidal activity and virucidal efficacy in vitro at a concentration of 0.23% PVP-I and may provide a protective oropharyngeal hygiene measure for individuals at high risk of exposure to oral and respiratory pathogens. |
[189] |
| 5. | Preoperative povidone-iodine (PVP–I) protocol for lacrimal surgies | A drop of 1% PVP-I | Administrated in a conjunctival cul-de-sac with contact time for 3 min against COVID-19. | [192] |
| 6. | Povidone-iodine (PVP–I) | 0.23%–7% solution | Topical preparations exhibited virucidal activity | [193] |
| 7. | Povidone-iodine (PVP–I) | 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% | Oral antiseptics showed complete inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 within 15 s of contact. | [194] |
| 8. | Povidone-iodine (PVP–I) | 1% eye drop | Locally (eye drop) effective in case of accidental ocular exposure or case of 2019-n CoV-associated conjunctivitis. | [195] |
| 9. | Povidone-iodine In-situ Gel forming formulations. | PVP-I gel-forming nasal spray (IVIEW-1503) and PVP-I gel-forming ophthalmic eye drop (IVIEW-1201) | Formulations can reduce or prevent the transmission of the virus through the nasal cavity and the eye. | [196] |
| 10. | Povidone-Iodine prosthodontic practice | dilution of the commercially available 10% povidone-iodine by 1:20 utilizing 0.5 cc of 10% povidone iodine and 9.5 cc of sterile saline dilution of the commercially available 10% povidone iodine by 1:20 utilizing 0.5 cc of 10% povidone iodine and 9.5 cc of sterile saline dilution of the commercially available 10% povidone iodine by 1:20 utilizin 0.5% oral wash |
oral rinse to decrease the risk of transmission associated with viral shedding from asymptomatic individuals Oral rinse can decrease the risk of transmission associated with viral shedding from asymptomatic individuals. |
[197] |
| 11. | Povidone-iodine (PVP–I) topical and oral | antiseptic solution (PVP–I 10%), skin cleanser (PVP–I 7.5%), gargle and mouth wash (PVP–I 1%) and throat spray (PVP–I 0.45%) | achieved ≥ 99.99% virucidal activity against SARS-CoV-2, corresponding to ≥ 4 log10 reduction of virus titre, within 30 s of contact | [198] |
| 12. | Povidone-iodine (PVP–I) vs. hydrogen peroxide | PVP-I oral antiseptic rinse at all 3 concentrations of 0.5%, 1.25%, and 1.5% completely inactivated SARS-CoV-2 PVP-I oral antiseptic rinse at all 3 concentrations of 0.5%, 1.25%, and 1.5% completely inactivated SARS-CoV-2 PVP-I oral antiseptic rinse at all 3 concentrations of 0.5%, 1.25%, and 1.5% and hydrogen peroxide solutions at concentrations of 1.5% and 3.0%. |
After the 15-s and 30-s contact times, PVP-I oral antiseptic rinse at all 3 concentrations of 0.5%, 1.25%, and 1.5% completely inactivated SARS-CoV-2. The H2 O2 solutions at concentrations of 1.5% and 3.0% showed minimal viricidal activity after 15 s and 30 s of contact time. | [199] |