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. 2020 Sep 1;10:14348. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-71144-1

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Chronic PM_2.5 exposure (32-weeks) impairs lung cellular immune homeostasis. (a) Lung macrophage (AΦ and iΦ) population. (b) AΦ of tissue-resident (CD45.2, blue) and bone marrow (CD45.1, red) origin. (c) iΦ of tissue-resident and bone marrow origin. (see also Supplementary Fig. 3). (d) Lung tissue stained for F4/80, showing total Φ in representative sections from 32-weeks FA and PM_2.5 exposed mice, scale bar 50 μm. (e) Representative flow cytometry plots showing AΦ and iΦ of tissue-resident (blue) and BM-origin (red) showing frequencies of the respective population. (f) Siglec F expression on TR-AΦ and BM-AΦ, representative plots from FA (left), and PM_2.5 (right) exposed mice. (g) Neutrophil population in the lungs. h. Monocytes subsets (Ly6c^lo and Ly6c^hi) in the lungs. (i) Ly6c^hi monocyte population from bone marrow, blood, and spleens. (j, k) Fold change in tissue-resident and BM-derived, (j) AΦ and (i) iΦ at 32-weeks over 4-weeks of PM_2.5 exposure. Data are represented as % of total CD45⁺ cells, mean ± SEM, from two independent experiments with 4–6 mice in each experiment (a–c, g–i) and as fold change over control FA exposed mice (j, k). Data were analyzed with GraphPad prism v8.3 using Student’s ‘t’ test or one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s posthoc test for multiple comparisons, statistically significant p values (< 0.05) are mentioned for respective comparison.