Table 2.
Means and standard deviations of the covariates in each experimental condition. Skewness and kurtosis of the covariates in the whole sample.
| Medium |
In print |
On screen |
Whole sample |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reading time frame | Free | Pressured | Free | Pressured | Skewnessa | Kurtosisa |
| Working memory | 20.97 (2.26) | 21.48 (2.37) | 21.67 (2.55) | 21.00 (2.75) | 0.48 | 0.26 |
| Prior knowledge on human learning | 6.57 (0.94) | 6.64 (0.96) | 6.28 (1.16) | 5.82(1.02) | −0.15 | −0.75 |
| Prior knowledge on artificial intelligence | 3.17 (1.09) | 3.93 (0.86) | 3.07 (0.98) | 2.95 (0.95) | 0.55 | −0.50 |
| Topic interest (human learning) | 8.72 (1.03) | 8.52 (1.15) | 8.70 (1.19) | 8.78 (1.11) | −0.84 | −0.08 |
| Topic interest (artificial intelligence) | 4.90 (1.69) | 5.35 (1.54) | 4.76 (1.72) | 4.96 (1.71) | 0.09 | −0.78 |
| Medium preference | 8.24 (1.33) | 7.58 (1.63) | 8.32 (1.81) | 8.33 (1.49) | −0.66 | −0.54 |
| Starting age of use of digital technologies | 10.56 (2.49) | 10.30 (2.43) | 10.39 (2.67) | 11.18 (2.54) | 0.05 | −0.30 |
| Use of digital tech for leisureb | 2.55 (1.52) | 3.12 (1.68) | 2.79 (1.22) | 3.03 (1.58) | 0.51 | −0.36 |
| Use of digital tech for study/professional purposesb | 3.97 (1.90) | 4.55 (2.55) | 4.09 (2.13) | 4.58 (2.47) | −0.37 | −0.74 |
| Perceived text difficulty | 6.42 (1.94) | 7.00 (1.16) | 6.39 (1.64) | 6.50 (1.54) | −0.84 | 0.37 |
| Situational interest | 7.18 (2.01) | 6.76 (2.17) | 6.52 (1.99) | 7.05 (1.23) | −0.58 | −0.52 |
| Reading time (in min.) | 24.18 (4.57) | 16.30 (−) | 22.49 (4.11) | 16.30 (−) | 0.32 | 0.42 |
Note.
a
Once outlier values (±2SD from the sample mean) replaced using winsorization.
b
In daily hours.