Table 1. Baseline characteristics.
| Control arm | Intervention arm | |
|---|---|---|
| (N=86)
n (%) |
(N=86)
n (%) |
|
| Site | ||
| Site 1 | 53 (61.6) | 53 (61.6) |
| Site 2 | 33 (38.4) | 33 (38.4) |
| Sociodemographic variables | ||
| Age, mean (SD) * | 62.1 (9.8) | 60.3 (9.2) |
| Sex (female) | 56 (65.1) | 52 (60.5) |
| Level of education | ||
| <7 years | 30 (34.9) | 30 (34.9) |
| 7 to 11 years | 40 (46.5) | 42 (48.8) |
| 12 or more years | 16 (18.6) | 14 (16.3) |
| Marital status: married or
cohabitant |
63 (73.3) | 59 (68.6) |
| Currently working | 34 (39.5) | 33 (38.4) |
| Had a caregiver | 35 (40.7) | 36 (41.9) |
| Clinical variables | ||
| Body mass index, mean
(SD) |
27.9 (4.8) | 28.0 (4.4) |
| Depression (>9 points in
PHQ-9) |
23 (27.1) | 22 (25.6) |
| Co-morbidities | ||
| Hypertension
diagnosis |
37 (43.0) | 41 (47.7) |
| Previous myocardial
infarction |
3 (3.5) | 4 (4.7) |
| Other cardiac
problems |
3 (3.5) | 3 (3.5) |
| Previous stroke | 3 (3.5) | 5 (5.8) |
| High cholesterol | 48 (55.8) | 41 (47.7) |
| Behavioral variables | ||
| Current smoker (self-
reported) |
4 (4.7) | 11 (12.9) |
| Binge drinking at least
once during the last year |
28 (32.6) | 20 (23.3) |
| Physical activity
(moderate/vigorous, three or more days a week) |
7 (8.2) | 13 (15.3) |
|
Variables related to
diabetes |
||
| Years since diabetes
diagnosis, mean (SD) * |
12.7 (7.9) | 13.3 (8.5) |
| HbA1c at baseline %,
mean (SD) |
8.2 (1.9) | 8.9 (2.3) |
| Current pharmacological
treatment for diabetes |
||
| Metformin | 67 (77.9) | 72 (83.7) |
| Insulin | 35 (40.7) | 47 (54.7) |
| Consultations in the last
12 months |
||
| Ophthalmology | 48 (56.5) | 45 (52.3) |
| Nephrology | 16 (18.6) | 21 (24.4) |
| Cardiology | 30 (35.7) | 35 (41.2) |
| Complications | ||
| Diabetic retinopathy | 13 (15.3) | 21 (24.4) |
| Diabetic
nephropathy |
5 (6.0) | 9 (10.6) |
| Hospitalization in the last
year due to diabetes |
10 (11.6) | 9 (10.5) |
| Current use of orthopedic
shoes ** |
0 (0) | 4 (4.7) |
| Current use of insoles ** | 2 (2.3) | 8 (9.3) |
| mHealth literacy | ||
| The patient receives
messages (instead than the caregiver) |
45 (52.3) | 45 (52.3) |
| The patient knows how to
make calls ** |
81 (96.4) | 85 (98.8) |
| The patient knows how to
answer to calls ** |
82 (97.6) | 85 (100.0) |
| The patient knows how to
send SMS |
77 (91.7) | 75 (89.3) |
| The patient knows how to
read SMS ** |
82 (97.6) | 78 (91.8) |
| Never have problems
with cellphone coverage |
61 (74.4) | 77 (89.5) |
| Foot examination | ||
| Previous foot ulcers | 40 (48.2) | 56 (65.9) |
| Previous foot amputation | 10 (12.1) | 14 (16.5) |
| Any deformity in foot | 53 (63.9) | 54 (63.5) |
| Any alteration in
monophilament test |
71 (85.5) | 70 (82.4) |
| Any alteration in
biotensiometer (≥25) |
65 (78.3) | 75 (88.2) |
* T-test; **Fisher’s exact text.
SD, standard deviation; PHQ, patient health questionnaire; mHealth, mobile health; SMS, short message service.