Figure 1.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) modeling using patient-derived human-induced neuronal progenitor cells (hiNPCs). (A) Immunostaining of neural progenitor cell markers in hiNPCs (scale bars are 20 µm). (B) Cell viability assay with MG132 treatment. (C) Representative Western blot for cleaved caspase-3 (cCASP3) in hiNPCs treated with MG132. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used as an internal control. (D) Quantification of cCASP3 normalized over GAPDH by densitometry analysis. (E) Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) of MG132-treated hiNPCs stained with MitoSOX. WT, healthy control-derived hiNPCs; GS, familial LRRK2 G2019S PD patient-derived hiNPCs. Data are mean ± standard error of means (SEM) of at least three independent experiments. p-values were analyzed using the unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test (*** p < 0.001).