Table 2.
Carotenoid concentrations analysed per capsule interventions 1.
| Carotenoid | Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 | Group 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lutein | 9.42 ± 0.11 | 5.80 ± 0.19 | 4.48 ± 0.07 | 10.24 ± 0.54 | 0 |
| Meso-zeaxanthin | 13.06 ± 0.15 | 8.12 ± 0.27 | 6.49 ± 0.12 | 10.62 ± 0.61 | 0 |
| Zeaxanthin | 2.12 ± 0.03 | 1.38 ± 0.04 | 1.75 ± 0.03 | 1.98 ± 0.11 | 0 |
| Dosage (capsule/day) | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Total carotenoids ingested per day (mg) | 24.60 | 30.60 | 25.44 | 22.84 | 0 |
1 Plus-minus values are means ± SD. Values are total carotenoid concentrations per capsule (mg). There were no significant between-group differences in change of L serum concentrations per gram taken (p = 0.419); change in Z, and MZ serum concentrations per gram taken were higher for Group 4 (p < 0.001). P values were based on chi-square and ANOVA or Kruskall-Wallis where appropriate. Bonferroni correction was performed for post-hoc analysis. Label claim for total nutrient concentrations were as follows: Group 1, L (10 mg) + MZ (10 mg) + Z (2 mg) provided in one capsule; Group 2, L (10 mg) + MZ (10 mg) + Z (2 mg) provided in two capsules; Group 3, L (10 mg) + MZ (10 mg) + Z (2 mg) provided in DHA (430 mg) and EPA (90 mg) in two capsules; and Group 4, Ld (10 mg) + MZd (10 mg) + Zd (2 mg) provided in one capsule; or Group 5, placebo (sunflower oil).