Table 2.
Multivariate linear regression analyses on smoking status and alcohol intake and Cd and Pb concentrations.
| Lifestyle-Related Exposures | Cadmium nmol/L | Lead umol/L | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| St. B. | p-Value | St. B. | p-Value | |
| Active smoker | ||||
| Model 1 (crude) | 0.46 | <0.001 | 0.08 | 0.27 |
| Model 2 (adjusted) | 0.50 | <0.001 | 0.11 | 0.16 |
| Model 3 (adjusted) | 0.48 | <0.001 | 0.02 | 0.86 |
| Passive smoker | ||||
| Model 1 (crude) | 0.16 | 0.04 | −0.003 | 0.97 |
| Model 2 (adjusted) | 0.17 | 0.03 | −0.001 | 0.99 |
| Model 3 (adjusted) | 0.17 | 0.03 | −0.03 | 0.69 |
| Former smoker | ||||
| Model 1 (crude) | 0.17 | 0.03 | 0.14 | 0.08 |
| Model 2 (adjusted) | 0.25 | 0.002 | 0.17 | 0.05 |
| Model 3 (adjusted) | 0.22 | 0.005 | 0.12 | 0.16 |
| Alcohol intake | ||||
| Model 1 (crude) | −0.09 | 0.17 | 0.29 | <0.001 |
| Model 2 (adjusted) | 0.003 | 0.96 | 0.30 | <0.001 |
| Model 3 (adjusted) | −0.05 | 0.49 | 0.30 | <0.001 |
Standardized beta (St. B.) is shown. Alcohol intake in g/day. Never-smoked is used as the reference value for smoking status. Model 1 is unadjusted (crude), while Model 2 is adjusted for age, sex, creatinine clearance and Model 3 is adjusted for Model 2 and lead (for cadmium) and cadmium (for lead).