Table 1.
Major chemokines and their receptors involved in CCA biology.
| Chemokine Family | Chemokine | Chemokine Receptor | Target Cells | Key Functions | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CXCL | CXCL12 | CXCR4 | CAFs CCA cells |
CCA cell survival, migration and invasion; EMT transition; metastasis; poor prognosis | [71,82,83,84] |
| CXCR7 | CCA cells | CCA cell adhesion, migration, invasion, growth and survival | [85] | ||
| CXCL7 | CXCR2 | CCA cells Fibroblasts Immune cells |
CCA cell proliferation and invasion; poor prognosis | [86] | |
| CXCL9 | CXCR3 | CCA cells Immune cells Fibroblasts |
Inflammation | [87] | |
| CXCL5 | CXCR2 | CCA cells Neutrophils |
CCA cell migration and invasion; poor prognosis; neutrophil infiltration | [88,89,90,91] | |
| CCL | CCL2 | CCR2 | Monocytes, Macrophages MDCs |
Immune cell migration; poor prognosis | [77,92] |
| CCL5 | CCR5 | CCA cells Immune cells Stem cells |
CCA cell migration and invasion | [93] | |
| CCL20 | CCR6 | CCA cells Immune cells |
CCA cell migration; EMT transition | [94,95] | |
| CX3CL | CX3CL1 | CX3CR1 | Mononuclear cells | Infiltration of immune cells; inflammation | [96,97] |