Model for the peroxisomal cofactor transport in human. ABCD1–3: ABC transporters of the subfamily D (ABCD) member 1–3, mediating the import of fatty acids and other β-oxidation-related substrates as CoA esters; ACSVL1: very-long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 1 (associated at the matrix site of the peroxisomal membrane); ACSL1/4: long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase1 and 4 (associated at the cytosolic site of the peroxisomal membrane); FA, fatty acid; NUDT7/19: peroxisomal Nudix hydrolase 7 and 19, catalyzing the hydrolysis of CoA to PAP and 4′-PP.; LCFA-CoA: long-chain acyl-CoAs; LC-DCA-CoA: long-chain dicarboxyl-CoA; PAP: adenosine 3′,5′-diphosphate; 4′-PP: 4′-phospho-pantetheine; VLCFA-CoA: very long-chain acyl-CoAs; SLC25A17: solute carrier family 25 member 17, putative peroxisomal CoA carrier; (?): proposed cofactor carrier proteins.