Table 3.
Measurements of VAS, Helkimo, Algometry, and comparison analysis.
| Variables | Groups | T0 | T1 | T2 | Mean Difference (95%CI); Effect Size (d) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Within-Group Differences | Between-Groups Differences | ||||||||
| T0–T1 | T0–T2 | T1–T2 | T1 | T2 | |||||
| VAS a | CG | 4.8 ± 2.3 | 5.0 ± 2.1 | 4.0 ± 2.3 | −0.2 (−0.6 to 2.1) |
0.8 (−1.1 to 0.6) |
1.0 (−0.3 to 2.3) |
−4.5 (−6.3 to −2.7); d = 0.8 |
−2.8 (−4.7 to −0.8); d = 0.8 |
| EG | 3.6 ± 1.9 | 0.5 ± 0.5 * | 1.3 ± 0.9 *,† | 3.1 (1.7 to 4.4); d = 0.3 |
2.4 (1.1 to 3.7); d = 0.4 |
−0,8 (−1.3 to 0.2); d = 0.5 |
|||
| Helkimo Index | CG | 9.0 ± 1.7 | 9.6 ± 1.8 | 9.1 ± 1.9 | −0.6 (−1.5 to 0.3) |
−0.1 (−0.9 to 0.7) |
0.5 (−0.1 to 0.9) |
−4.2 (−6.9 to −1.6); d = 1.2 |
−3.2 (−5.6 to −0.9); d = 1.1 |
| EG | 9.8 ± 2.3 | 5.4 ± 2.9 * | 5.9 ± 2.4 * | 4.4 (2.7 to 6.0); d = 0.4 |
3.9 (1.5 to 6.3); d = 0.4 |
−0.5 (−2.1 to 1.1) |
|||
| Algometry b | |||||||||
| Right Masseter | CG | 4.7 ± 0.8 | 4.8 ± 0.8 | 4.8 ± 0.8 | −0.1 (−0.3 to 0.2) |
−0.1 (−0.4 to 0.2) |
−0.0 (−0.2 to 0.1) |
1.1 (0.3 to 1.9); d = 0.4 |
1.2 (0.4 to 2.1); d = 0.4 |
| EG | 4.9 ± 0.8 | 5.9 ± 0.7 * | 6.0 ± 0.9 * | −1.0 (−1.4 to −0.6); d = 0.4 |
−1.1 (−1.7 to −0.7) d = 0.4 |
−0.1 (−0.4 to −0.1) |
|||
| Left Masseter | CG | 4.5 ± 0.9 | 4.4 ± 0.7 | 4.4 ± 0.6 | 0.1 (−0.2 to 0.5) | 0.1 (−0.3 to 0.6) |
− 0.0 (−0.2 to 0.1) |
1.9 (1.1 to 2.6); d = 0.4 |
1.5 (0.8 to 2.2); d = 0.3 |
| EG | 4.8 ± 0.7 | 6.3 ± 0.8 * | 5.9 ± 0.7 * | −1.5 (−1.8 to −1.0); d = 0.4 |
−1.1 (−1.6 to −0.6); d = 0.4 |
0.4 (−0.2 to 0.9) |
|||
| Right Temporal | CG | 4.5 ± 0.8 | 4.8 ± 0.9 | 4.8 ± 0.9 | −0.3 (−0.7 to 0.3) | −0.3 (−0.7 to 0.1) |
−0.0 (−0.4 to 0.2) |
1.7 (0.7 to 2.9); d = 0.5 |
1.4 (0.5 to 2.3); d = 0.4) |
| EG | 4.6 ± 0.6 | 6.5 ± 1.0 * | 6.2 ± 0.8 *,† | −1.9 (−2.7 to −1.2); d = 0.3 |
−1.6 (−2.3 to −0.9): d = 0.3 |
0.3 (−0.0 to 0.7); d = 0.5 |
|||
| Left Temporal | CG | 4.9 ± 1.0 | 4.4 ± 0.8 | 4.7 ± 0.9 | 0.4 (−0.1 to 1.0) | 0.2 (−0.2 to 0.5) | −0.3 (−0.7 to 0.2) |
2.5 (1.4 to 3.5); d = 0.5 |
1.6 (0.6 to 2.5); d = 0.4 |
| EG | 4.9 ± 0.9 | 6.9 ± 1.1 * | 6.3 ± 0.8 *,† | −2.0 (−2.8 to −1.2); d = 0.4 |
−1.4 (−1.8 to 0.9); d = 0.4 |
0.6 (0.1 to 1.1); d = 0.5 |
|||
| Right SCM | CG | 3.8 ± 0.8 | 3.9 ± 0.6 | 3.9 ± 0.5 | −0.1 (−0.5 to 0.2) | −0.1 (0.5 to 0.4) | 0.0 (−0.2 to 0.4) | 1.6 (0.7 to 2.3); d = 0.4 |
1.5 (0.6 to 2.3); d = 0.4 |
| EG | 4.0 ± 0.7 | 5.5 ± 0.9 * | 5.4 ± 1.0 * | −1.5 (−1.9 to −1.1); d = 0.4 |
−1.4 (−1.8 to −0.8); d = 0.4 |
0.1 (−0.4 to 0.6) |
|||
| Left SCM | CG | 4.0 ± 0.8 | 4.0 ± 0.6 | 3.9 ± 0.5 | −0.0 (−0.5 to 0.4) | 0.1 (−0.3 to 0.4) | 0.1 (−0.1 to 0.3) |
1.5 (0.6 to 2.2); d = 0.4 |
1.3 (0.4 to 2.2); d = 0.4 |
| EG | 4.2 ± 0.8 | 5.5 ± 0.9 * | 5.2 ± 1.0 * | −1.3 (−1.8 to −0.8); d = 0.4 |
−1.0 (−1.8 to −0.3); d = 0.4 |
0.3 (−0.4 to 0.9) | |||
Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation. Abbreviations: CG = control group; EG = experimental group; T0 = baseline measurement; T1 = post-treatment measurement; T2 = 1-month follow-up measurement; SCM = Sternocleidomastoid; a VAS of the last week; b algometry shows the measurements for both sides (kg/cm2); * significant differences (p < 0.05) compared to T0; † significant differences (p < 0.05) compared to T1; and bold indicates significant differences (p < 0.05) between groups. Cohen’s d effect size was calculated for comparisons where statistically significant differences were obtained.