Table 7.
Previous studies in which prevalence and severity of potential drug–drug interactions has been evaluated on CKD patients.
| Study | Number of Patients (% Female) |
Years (Mean ± SD) |
Country | CKD Patients on Stage 5 or Hemodialysis (%) | Software for Potential DDI | Number of Drugs per Patient (Mean ± SD) |
Most Frequent Drug Combinations with Potential DDIs (%) | Number of Patients with Potential DDIs Contraindicated (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rama et al. [12]. | 205 (25.8%) | 48.6 ± 16.2 | India | 68.5% | Micromedex | 12.1 ± 6.3 | Ascorbid Acid + Cyanocobalamine (12.4%) Clonidine + Metoprolol (3.8%) Amlodipine + Metoprolol (3.4%) Insulin + Metoprolol (2.9%) |
0 (0.0%) |
| Marquito et al. [10]. | 558 (45.3%) | n.s. | Brazil | 6.6% | Micromedex | 5.6 ± 3.2 | Furosemide + Aspirin (7.8%) Enalapril + Furosemide (5.9%) Captopril + Furosemide (5.1%) Enalapril + Losartan (3.7%) |
5 (0.9%) |
| Sgnaolin et al. [11]. | 65 (50.8%) | 59.1±14.7 | Brazil | 100% | Micromedex | 6.3 ± 3.1 | Calcium Carbonate + Atenolol (8.0%) Calcium Carbonate + Ferrous Sulfate (8.0%) Calcium Carbonate + Ticlopidine (6.3%) Enalapril + Eritropoietin (4.5%) |
2 (3.1%) |
| Hegde et al. [13]. | 120 (45%) | 58.5 ± 8.4 | India | n.s. | Medscape Drug interaction checker | 9.4 ± 3.9 | Sodium Bicarbonate + Ferrous Sulfate (8.9%) Calcium Carbonate + Ferrous Sulfate (5.5%) Aspirin + Carvedilol (5.5%) Sodium Bicarbonate + Allopurinol (5.5%) |
0 (0.0%) |
| Al-Ramahi et al. [15]. | 275 (45.1%) | 50.7 ± 15.9 | Palestina | 100% | LexiComp | 7.9 ± 2.4 | Calcium Carbonate + Amlodipine (12.3%) Calcium Carbonate + Aspirin (8.2%) Aspirin + Furosemide (7.9%) Aspirin + Enoxaparin (4.3%) |
2 (0.7%) |
| Olumuyiwa et al. [18]. | 123 (33.3%) | 53.8 ± 16.0 | Nigeria | 69.9% | Lexi-Interact database | 10.1 ± 4.0 | Calcium Carbonate + Ferrous Sulfate (8.4%) Folic Acid + Furosemide (3.4%) Calcium Carbonate + Calcidol (3.2%) Vitamin E + Ferrous Sulfate (3.0%) |
1 (0.8%) |
| Fasipe et al. [17]. | 123 (48.8%) | 53.8 ± 16.0 | Nigeria | 69.9% | Medscape Drug interaction checker | 10.3 ± 3.9 | Calcium Carbonate + Ferrous Sulfate (9.9%) Folic Acid + Furosemide (3.4%) Calcium Carbonate + Calcidol (3.2%) Vitamin E + Ferrous Sulfate (3.0%) |
1 (0.8%) |
| Saleem et al. [14]. | 209 (39.2%) | 38.3 ± 16.8 | Pakistan | 74.2% | Micromedex Drug-Reax | n.s. | Ferrous Sulfate + Omeprazole (5.8%) Calcium/Vitamin D + Ciprofloxacin (4.8%) Captopril + Furosemide (4.1%) Calcium Gluconate + Ceftriaxone (3.6%) |
28 (13.4) |
| Adibe et al. [16]. | 169 (52.1%) | 51.0 ± 14.9 | Nigeria | 28.4% | Medscape Drug interaction checker | 6.1 ± 2.0 | Lisinopril + Furosemide (9.1%) Furosemide + Calcium Carbonate (7.2%) Calcium Carbonate + Lisinipril (6.1%) Aspirin + Furosemide (4.6%) |
0 (0.0%) |
| Okoro and Farate [19]. | 201 (66%) | 49.5 ± 14.5 | Nigeria | 69.2% | Omnio drug interaction checker | 5.8 ± 1.5 | Calcium Carbonate + Ferrous Sulfate (45.8%) Lisinopril + Furosemide (7.7%) Captopril + Furosemide (6.6%) Captopril + Spironolactone (6.6%) |
5 (2.5%) |
| Present study | 111 (61.3%) | 77.1 ± 10.4 | Spain | 4.5% | LexiComp | 8.6 ± 3.4 | Acenocoumarol + Omeprazole (1.1%) Ferrous Sulfate + Omeprazole (1.0%) Metformin + Aspirin (1.0%) Levothyroxine + Omeprazole (1.0%) |
10 (9.0%) |
n.s.: not studied.