Table 1.
Data extraction of articles’ study design.
| Bioinks | Objectives | Study Design | Experimental Design | Cross-linking Method/Materials | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Collagen-Chitosan blends | Evaluating the rheological and printability of collagen-chitosan composite as a potential bioink. | In vitro | NIH 3T3 cells | NHS/EDC | [19] |
| CNF/GelMA | Utilizing the use of deficient GelMA concentrations as supporting materials to CNF-based bioink | In vitro | Mouse 3T3 fibroblasts | Ca+2 to crosslink CNF UV light to crosslink GelMA |
[23] |
| Sulfated and Rhamnose-rich XRU | Developing polysaccharide modification of 3D bioprinted XRU extract and evaluate its validity. | In vitro | Human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) | Photo-crosslinking by UV light | [20] |
| dSIS slurry | Studying the physicochemical and biological properties of dSIS bioink. | In vitro | Normal skin fibroblasts (NSFs) | EDC | [24] |
| Viscoll Collagen | Evaluating the impact of different collagen concentrations on viscoll to produce high fidelity constructs | In vitro | NIH 3T3 | No crosslinking applied | [25] |
| Alginate/Gelatin | Investigating the rheological behavior of alginate/gelatin as a complex construct. | In vitro | AECs and WJMSCs | Two-steps gelation: a) Gelatin crosslinked by low temperature; b) Alginate crosslinked by Ca+2 |
[26] |
| BCNFs+ SF/Gelatin | Enhancing the resolution and the mechanical performance of SF/gelatin scaffolds. | In vitro & in vivo | L929 cells & 12 mice |
BCNFs work as a crosslinking agent | [33] |
| Fibrinogen and thrombin/Collagen I |
Validating a mobile skin bioprinting system for rapid direct wound management | In vivo | Autologous fibroblasts and keratinocytes& 36 female nude mice + 6 porcine | No crosslinking applied | [31] |
| CNF | Developing an approach of double cross-linked CNF | In vitro | HDFs | Two-steps gelation: (a) During printing crosslinking with Ca+2; (b) Post-printing chemical crosslinking with BDDE |
[27] |
| Sodium Alginate/ Gelatin | Developing dermal skin substitute with controlled structure and adjustable physicochemical properties | In vitro | Human skin fibroblasts (HSFs) | Three-steps gelation: (a) Immediate crosslinking at 4 °C for 30 min; (b) alginate crosslinking by CaCl2 for 1 h; (c) crosslinking by EDC-NHS |
[28] |
| Collagen | Developing 3D bioprinted scaffold for tissue engineering application | In vitro | Fibroblastic NIH 3T3, and epithelial Vero cell | No crosslinking applied | [29] |
| S-dECM | Investigating the ability of printing S-dECM for skin tissue regeneration | In vitro & in vivo | HDFs and HEKs & 8 weeks old male BALB/ cA-nu/nu mice | No crosslinking agent was applied. | [34] |
| Alginate/Honey | Evaluating the shape fidelity of honey-alginate | In vitro | 3T3 fibroblast | No crosslinking applied | [30] |
| Gelatin | Evaluating the impact of pore size of gelatin scaffold on cell proliferation | In vitro | HDFs | Gelatin was immediately cross-linked by EDC-NHS solution. | [21] |
| SS/GelMA | Evaluating SS/GelMA bioink for visualization wound care | In vitro & in vivo | L929 cell line, HSF and HaCaT cell lines& 21 female SD rats | The matrices were immediately cross-linked by UV light for 1 min. | [35] |
| G-SF-SO3-FGF2 | Fabricating and evaluating porous 3D printed scaffold | In vitro & in vivo |
Child foreskin fibroblasts (CFFs)& 36 male Sprague Dawley rats | Post-printing crosslinking, with 1% EDC-NHS solution for 2 h | [36] |
| Gelatin-Alginate | Studying the effect of 3D-bioprinted gelatin-alginate scaffold on the full-thickness wound healing process | In vivo | 40 female mice (6 weeks old) |
The gelatin-alginate scaffold was immersed in CaCl2 for 10 min | [32] |
| Collagen | A proof-of-concept study on the ability to print human skin layer-by-layer using a 3D printing system | In vitro | Keratinocytes and fibroblasts | Post printing, nebulized NaHCO3 vapor was applied for gelation. | [22] |
CNF: Cellulose nanofibrils; GelMA: Gelatin methacrylate; XRU: Xylor-hamnouronic acid; dSIS: Decellularized Small Intestinal Submucosa; Viscoll: A solution of Type I porcine collagen; BCNFs: Bacterial cellulose nanofibers; SF: Silk fibroin; S-dECM: Skin-derived extracellular matrix; SS: Silk sericin; G-SF-SO3-FGF2: Gelatin-sulfonated Silk composite-fibroblast growth factor 2-sulfonic acid group; NHS: N-hydroxy-succinimide; EDC: 1-ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl] carbodiimide; BDDE: 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether.