Table 3.

In vitro experimental models utilized for PDT in relation to angiogenesis.

Type of Tumor (Cell Line)	PS	PS Doses and Administration	Light Dose/Fluence Rate	Effect on Angiogenesis	References
human cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa), human urinary bladder carcinoma (T24)	HY	125 or 150 nM; 16 h	4 J/cm2; 4.5 mW/cm2	* ↑ COX-2 (3–24 h)	[59]
human ECs (HUVEC), human likely glioblastoma (U-87 MG), human glioblastoma (U-373 MG)	HY	5 × 10−9–5 × 10−7 mol/L; 3 h	5 J/cm2; 3.22 mW/cm2	* ↓ MMP-9 in HUVEC and MMP-2 in HUVEC and U-87 cells * tubulogenesis inhibition by HUVEC cells (24 h)	[60]
human colorectal adenocarcinoma (SW480, SW620)	ALA	1000 mM; 4 h	10 J/cm2; 0.3–1.5 mW/cm2	* ↓ FGF in SW620 cells in normoxic or simulated hypoxic (by CoCl2) conditions and ↓ VEGF in SW620 cells (24 h)	[61,62,63]
human oral squamous cell carcinoma (H376, VB6 and UP)	mTHPC	0.25–4 µg/mL; 24 h	0.25–4 J/cm2; 25 mW/cm2	* ↓ MMP-9 and MMP-13 in H376 cells * ↓ MMP-2 and ↑ MMP-13 in VB6 cells * ↓ MMP-2 and VEGF in H376 (24–48 h)	[64]
human epidermoid carcinoma (A431)	mTHPC	0.1 µg/mL−1; 18 h	---; 1.6 mW cm-2	* ↑ VEGF and IL1A (4–24 h)	[65]
C-26 cells	PT	10 µg/mL; 24 h	4.5 kJ/m2; ---	* ↑ COX-2 (2–24 h)	[28]
human glioblastoma (U87, U-118 MG)	PT	10-50 mg/mL; 4 h	1 J/cm2; ---	* ↓ invasion and angiogenesis network potential after PDT (72 h) * ↓ VEGF, FGF-2, EGFR, MMP-2 and MMP-9 and also Akt and NF-κB (24 h)	[66]
human ECs (HUVEC)	VT	1–2 µM; 90 min	36 J/cm2; 0–300 mW/cm2	* PDT with fVII factor killed almost 90% of VEGF-stimulated HUVECs but had no effect on unstimulated HUVECs.	[67]
human urinary bladder carcinoma (T24), human cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa)	PPME	5 µM; 3 h	3.2 J/cm2; 160 W/m2	* ↑ COX-2 in both cell lines 3 h after PDT * 9–12 h after treatment ↓ COX-2 in HeLa cells to basic level	[68]

*, define concrete finding related to angiogenesis; ---, the parameter was not provided by the authors.