Table 1.

Elements with antimicrobial activities used in bioactive coatings.

Element	Modified Material	Antimicrobial Activity	Pathogen(s)	References
Silver (Ag)	Ag nanoparticle–TiO2 composite	Growth inhibition	Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)	[24,25,26]
	Ag nanoparticle–polyacrylate hydrogel	Growth inhibition	Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria	[27]
	Ag nanoparticles, chitosan	Growth inhibition	Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa	[28]
	Ag nanoparticles	16.3–52.5% inhibition	Candida albicans	[29]
	Ag nanoparticles (20.0–30.0%)	Growth inhibition	C. albicans	[30]
	Ag benzoate (0.2 and 0.5%)	52.4–97.5% inhibition	Streptococcus mutans	[31]
	Ag nitrate (0.5 and 25.0 µg/mL)	Growth inhibition	S. mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia, Fusobacterium nucleatum ss vincentii, Campylobacter gracilis, Campylobacter rectus, Eikenella corrodens, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans	[22]
Gold (Au)	Au nanoparticles, cefaclor	Growth inhibition	S. aureus, Escherichia coli	[32]
Cobalt (Co)	Co in resin	Growth inhibition	S. aureus, E. coli	[23]
Copper (Cu)	Cu oxide nanocomposites, polyurethane	Growth inhibition	MRSA	[33]
	Cu in diamond-like carbon film	Growth inhibition	S. aureus, E. coli	[34]
	Cu in resin	Growth inhibition	S. aureus, E. coli	[23]
Zinc (Zn)	ZnO coating	Growth inhibition	S. aureus, E. coli	[35]
	Zn in resin	Growth inhibition	S. aureus, E. coli	[23]
Zirconium (Zr)	Zr in resin	Growth inhibition	S. aureus, E. coli	[23]
Bismuth (Bi)	BiN3O9, C6H9BiO6 coating	Growth inhibition	A. actinomycetemcomitans, MRSA	[36]
Selenium (Se)	Se in hydroxyapatite coating	Growth inhibition	P. aeruginosa, S. aureus biofilms	[37]
Molybdenum (Mo)	Mo in resin	Growth inhibition	S. aureus, E. coli	[23]
Lead (Pb)	Pb in resin	Growth inhibition	S. aureus, E. coli	[23]