Table 3.
Intent-to-treat analysis of the effects of exergame intervention on the different brain structures, the pVO2, and the MMSE.
| Variables | Between Group Comparison | Within Group Comparison | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brain Areas (cm³) | Groups | Pre Median (IQR) | Post Median (IQR) | Value of the Contrast | p-Value | Effect Size | Value of the Contrast | p-Value | Effect Size |
| L. Hippocampus | EG (N = 28) | 3.10 (0.44) | 3.17 (0.27) | −0.511 | 0.853 | −0.057 | −2.846 | 0.011 | −0.304 |
| CG (N = 27) | 2.95 (0.37) | 3.07 (0.23) | −2.560 | 0.026 | −0.434 | ||||
| R. Hippocampus | EG (N = 28) | 3.11 (0.31) | 3.28 (0.36) | −0.435 | 0.853 | 0.086 | −3.155 | 0.009 | −0.348 |
| CG (N = 27) | 3.09 (0.35) | 3.16 (0.29) | −2.239 | 0.058 | −0.369 | ||||
| L. Insula | EG (N = 28) | 3.44 (1.98) | 5.20 (2.64) | −0.549 | 0.853 | 0.107 | −3.628 | < 0.001 | −1.031 |
| CG (N = 27) | 3.57 (2.10) | 5.76 (1.24) | −3.628 | < 0.001 | −1.283 | ||||
| R. Insula | EG (N = 28) | 4.00 (1.73) | 5.71 (2.26) | −0.261 | 0.853 | 0.023 | −2.951 | 0.011 | −0.611 |
| CG (N = 27) | 4.24 (1.66) | 5.78 (1.24) | −2.600 | 0.026 | −0.724 | ||||
| L. Amygdala | EG (N = 28) | 1.37 (0.19) | 1.39 (0.17) | −0.301 | 0.853 | −0.150 | −0.557 | 0.593 | 0.127 |
| CG (N = 27) | 1.39 (0.16) | 1.39 (0.13) | −0.237 | 0.816 | −0.025 | ||||
| R. Amygdala | EG (N = 28) | 1.64 (0.19) | 1.69 (0.27) | −0.187 | 0.853 | 0.155 | −2.900 | 0.011 | -0.302 |
| CG (N = 27) | 1.63 (0.22) | 1.65 (0.17) | −1.989 | 0.088 | −0.309 | ||||
| L. Thalamus | EG (N = 28) | 7.92 (0.97) | 7.73 (0.83) | −0.559 | 0.853 | −0.159 | −2.774 | 0.030 | 0.288 |
| CG (N = 27) | 7.53 (0.63) | 7.41 (0.66) | −2.050 | 0.088 | 0.222 | ||||
| R. Thalamus | EG (N = 28) | 7.09 (0.81) | 6.95 (0.75) | −1.832 | 0.355 | −0.330 | −1.957 | 0.082 | 0.161 |
| CG (N = 27) | 6.86 (0.68) | 6.74 (0.50) | −0.836 | 0.468 | −0.012 | ||||
| L. Cerebellum | EG (N = 28) | 48.18 (8.60) | 50.53 (8.12) | −1.138 | 0.712 | −0.368 | −1.878 | 0.098 | –1.169 |
| CG (N = 27) | 46.36 (7.46) | 49.01 (6.09) | −3.031 | 0.013 | −0.447 | ||||
| R. Cerebellum | EG (N = 28) | 52.25 (11.40) | 52.18 (7.39) | −1.851 | 0.355 | −0.514 | −1.087 | 0.360 | −0.066 |
| CG (N = 27) | 49.41 (10.03) | 50.36 (7.63) | −2.991 | 0.016 | −0.408 | ||||
| Total Cerebral GM | EG (N = 28) | 438.64 (80.28) | 498.36 (88.08) | −0.962 | 0.787 | −0.177 | −3.821 | < 0.001 | −0.852 |
| CG (N = 27) | 432.38 (125.40) | 520.53 (68.98) | −3.211 | 0.007 | −0.935 | ||||
| pVO2 (ml/Kg/min) | EG (N = 28) | 23.87 (4.28) | 24.62 (3.88) | −2.189 | 0.355 | 0.466 | −1.139 | 0.301 | −0.126 |
| CG (N = 27) | 24.08 (5.19) | 23.02 (5.37) | −1.685 | 0.126 | 0.134 | ||||
| MMSE | EG (N = 28) | 29.00 (2.00) | 29.00 (2.50) | −1.098 | 0.712 | -0.109 | −2.113 | 0.055 | 0.388 |
| CG (N = 27) | 29.00 (2.00) | 28.00 (4.00) | −0.945 | 0.407 | 0.231 | ||||
Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range; GM, gray matter; pVO2, peak volume oxygen consumption; MMSE, mini-mental state examination; EG, exercise group; CG, control group; L, left; R, right.