Table 4.
Concentration (mean ± standard deviation) of the most relevant volatile compounds (ng/gDM) in deer burgers at 0 and 12 days of chilled storage.
| Compound | Day 0 | Day 12 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C | Lva | Lvb | Lpa | Lpb | C | Lva | Lvb | Lpa | Lpb | |
| Hexanal | 146.9 ± 54.3 a | 227.4 ± 57.4 a,b | 323.6 ± 58.7 b | 198.6 ± 28.2 a | 218.2 ± 33.6 a,b | 247.3 ± 9.0 b | 162.3 ± 12.8 a | 248.4 ± 30.2 b | 229.6 ± 43.7 b | 279.0 ± 44.3 b |
| Octanal | 26.9 ± 9.0 b | 11.2 ± 4.3 a,z | 21.5 ± 4.3 a,b | 14.5 ± 2.1 a,b | 15.2 ± 2.6 a,b,z | 44.2 ± 3.0 c | 21.3 ± 4.6 a,b,y | 25.6 ± 0.8 b | 15.6 ± 6.3 a | 27.5 ± 0.5 b,y |
| 2-Heptenal | 36.2 ± 11.3 a | 50.3 ± 1.6 a | 118.3 ± 27.6 b | 42.9 ± 8.2 a | 61.6 ± 13.8 a | 42.3 ± 2.3 a | 47.2 ± 1.5 a | 65.8 ± 1.1 c | 55.8 ± 7.2 b | 66.3 ± 2.8 c |
| Nonanal | 51.2 ± 8.8 b,c,z | 37.5 ± 2.3 a,b,z | 59.5 ± 7.2 c | 34.0 ± 7.9 a,z | 38.1 ± 2.0 a,b,z | 87.2 ± 8.6 b,y | 53.9 ± 6.4 a,y | 74.3 ± 0.5 a,b | 73.0 ± 12.8 a,b,y | 74.0 ± 11.7 a,b,y |
| (E)-2-Octenal | 26.2 ± 2.4 a,z | 21.9 ± 7.0 a,z | 63.1 ± 13.3 b | 26.9 ± 5.2 a,y | 34.7 ± 4.8 a,z | 50.4 ± 3.0 y | 41.2 ± 3.2 y | 62.9 ± 13.9 | 59.7 ± 13.8 z | 64.0 ± 4.9 y |
| (E)-2-Nonenal | 23.3 ± 7.2 a | 15.9 ± 3.1 a | 49.0 ± 8.5 b | 18.6 ± 3.7 a | 28.5 ± 4.8 a | 25.5 ± 0.6 a,b | 17.7 ± 2.0 a | 32.0 ± 3.9 b,c | 20.7 ± 9.6 a,b | 38.9 ± 5.6 c |
| 2,4-Nonadienal | 13.1 ± 4.9 a | 12.4 ± 3.0 a | 39.2 ± 7.3 b | 13.2 ± 3.3 a | 23.0 ± 4.2 a | 16.7 ± 0.6 a,b | 14.2 ± 2.1 a | 24.5 ± 6.2 b | 12.3 ± 3.0 a | 32.6 ± 6.7 c |
| (E, E)-2,4-Decadienal | 5.4 ± 2.9 a | 5.2 ± 1.3 a | 16.6 ± 2.1 b,y | 5.9 ± 2.6 a | 8.6 ± 1.8 a,z | 6.4 ± 2.3 a | 5.8 ± 0.8 a | 9.2 ± 2.5 a,z | 7.6 ± 1.5 a | 12.7 ± 1.8 b,y |
| (E, Z)-2,4-Decadienal | 8.2 ± 1.0 a,z | 13.4 ± 2.5 a,b | 40.9 ± 8.3 c | 13.9 ± 3.8 a,b | 22.7 ± 5.0 b,z | 20.1 ± 5.2 a,y | 18.1 ± 4.3 a | 29.3 ± 8.7 a | 21.8 ± 4.0 a | 47.3 ± 0.8 b,y |
| 1-Octen-3-one | 3.2 ± 1.1 a | 4.0 ± 1.5 a | 10.6 ± 1.8 b | 3.6 ± 0.8 a,z | 5.3 ± 1.4 a | 5.8 ± 1.6 | 5.1 ± 0.4 | 7.6 ± 0.3 | 6.3 ± 1.0 y | 7.7 ± 1.5 |
| 1-Pentanol | 2.4 ± 0.6 a,z | 3.3 ± 1.4 a,b,z | 5.4 ± 1.4 b,z | 3.4 ± 0.3 a,b,z | 3.1 ± 0.4 a,b,z | 13.6 ± 1.7 b,y | 7.0 ± 1.5 a,y | 9.5 ± 0.3 a,y | 9.1 ± 1.9 a,y | 10.2 ± 2.3 a,y |
| 4-Heptanol | 1.8 ± 0.3 z | 8.0 ± 3.9 | 5.6 ± 1.0 y | 6.5 ± 4.0 | 2.6 ± 0.5 | 5.2 ± 0.5 b,y | 3.3 ± 0.4 a | 2.9 ± 0.5 a,z | 2.3 ± 1.0 a | 2.4 ± 0.3 a |
| 1-Hexanol | 1.1 ± 0.4 a,z | 2.7 ± 2.0 a,b,z | 4.9 ± 0.6 b,z | 2.9 ± 0.3 a,b,z | 4.7 ± 1.3 b,z | 131.5 ± 21.7 y | 94.0 ± 12.2 y | 105.8 ± 16.6 y | 111.7 ± 26.1 y | 129.6 ± 21.4 y |
| 1-Octen-3-ol | 24.3 ± 3.8 a,z | 33.4 ± 2.5 a,z | 53.6 ± 12.4 b | 29.0 ± 5.3 a,z | 28.4 ± 5.2 a,z | 60.8 ± 6.9 y | 62.4 ± 6.8 y | 70.8 ± 1.0 | 74.8 ± 12.8 y | 74.2 ± 16.2 y |
| 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol | 4.7 ± 0.3 a,z | 29.3 ± 7.4 b | 32.5 ± 17.0 b | 15.9 ± 4.7 a,b | 12.8 ± 2.5 a,b | 52.2 ± 4.7 c,y | 24.9 ± 0.5 b | 22.2 ± 5.3 a,b | 20.9 ± 0.7 a,b | 14.6 ± 3.0 a |
| 1-Octanol | 11.6 ± 3.9 a,z | 9.7 ± 2.7 a,z | 17.3 ± 3.2 b,z | 8.8 ± 1.4 a,z | 10.0 ± 1.4 a,z | 36.6 ± 3.5 c,y | 23.5 ± 3.2 a,b,y | 28.1 ± 0.1 b,y | 17.9 ± 4.0 a,y | 23.4 ± 3.1 a,b,y |
| (E)-2-Octen-1-ol | nd z | nd z | nd z | nd z | nd z | 23.8 ± 3.9 y | 18.2 ± 2.0 y | 21.2 ± 5.8 y | 18.4 ± 5.4 y | 22.4 ± 5.1 y |
| 1-Nonanol | nd z | nd z | nd z | nd z | nd z | 8.7 ± 1.0 y | 8.3 ± 2.2 y | 9.8 ± 2.3 y | 7.3 ± 2.1 y | 11.2 ± 0.5 y |
| Pentanoic acid | 0.2 ± 0.1 a | 0.5 ± 0.2 a,z | 1.4 ± 0.1 c,z | 0.5 ± 0.1 a,z | 1.0 ± 0.2 b,z | 1.7 ± 1.1 | 2.4 ± 1.0 y | 2.8 ± 0.2 y | 3.5 ± 1.2 y | 2.5 ± 0.3 y |
| Hexanoic acid | 6.8 ± 2.6 a,z | 18.4 ± 4.4 a,z | 64.0 ± 10.5 b,z | 26.1 ± 5.2 a,z | 56.0 ± 24.9 b | 59.8 ± 12.4 a,y | 81.5 ± 6.2 a,y | 100.0 ± 1.12 a,b,y | 125.5±34.5 a,b,y | 76.6 ± 8.5 a |
| Octanoic acid | 8.0 ± 1.6 a,z | 197.9 ± 54.2 a | 952.1 ± 96.1 b,y | 223.1 ± 39.9 a,z | 824.4 ± 267.3 b | 16.1 ± 1.5 a,y | 250.6 ± 18.0 b | 581.9 ± 73.8 c,z | 323.0 ± 37.9 b,y | 762.3 ± 34.7 d |
| Decanoic acid | 7.7 ± 1.3 a,z | 316.5 ± 50.4 b,z | 1510.9 ± 236.1 d,y | 327.3 ± 41.2 b,z | 848.4 ± 101.2 c,z | 18.2 ± 3.8 a,y | 515.5 ± 82.7 b,y | 979.6 ± 158.7 c,z | 557.9 ± 42.0 b,y | 1270.2 ± 188.5 d,y |
| Ethyl hexanoate | 6.5 ± 2.5 a,z | 34.9 ± 7.7 b,z | 55.8 ± 9.2 c | 28.4 ± 6.1 b,z | 39.8 ± 4.2 b,z | 97.3 ± 18.8 y | 109.8 ± 9.7 y | 124.6 ± 32.1 | 142.0 ± 34.0 y | 93.7 ± 5.5 y |
| Ethyl octanoate | 7.6 ± 2.3 a,z | 276.1 ± 38.6 a | 1290.9 ± 34.0 b,y | 328.0 ± 57.7 a | 1289.0 ± 392.5 b | 19.8 ± 2.6 a,y | 249.4 ± 52.9 b | 430.6 ± 78.9 c,z | 324.0 ± 3.0 b,c | 626.0 ± 122.5 d |
| Methyl decanoate | nd a | 3.9 ± 1.2 a | 14.7 ± 0.9 b,z | 3.8 ± 0.7 a | 12.5 ± 4.2 b | nd a | 2.7 ± 0.9 b | 5.4 ± 1.3 c,y | 2.1 ± 0.8 b | 8.1 ± 1.2 d |
| Hexyl hexanoate | nd z | nd z | nd z | nd z | nd z | 4.7 ± 1.5 y | 2.9 ± 0.9 y | 4.2 ± 1.8 y | 4.2 ± 2.0 y | 4.2 ± 1.1 y |
| Ethyl decanoate | 4.6 ± 2.6 a,z | 3161.4 ± 576.0 a,y | 13,321.0 ± 1281.4 b,y | 3201.1 ± 478.0 a,y | 11,788.6 ± 4044.9 b | 42.5 ± 2.4 a,y | 1190.7 ± 266.9 b,z | 2884.3 ± 1011.4 c,z | 1546.1 ± 271.9 b,z | 5680.9 ± 430.1 d |
| 3-Methylbutyl octanoate | nd a | 35.3 ± 6.3 b,y | 160.4 ± 23.0 d,z | 36.7 ± 4.4 b | 102.6 ± 15.9 c | nd a | 17.2 ± 4.4 a,b,z | 91.6 ± 22.5 c,y | 31.5 ± 3.1 b | 104.4 ± 4.1 c |
| Propyl decanoate | nd a | 2.9 ± 0.2 a | 12.6 ± 2.3 b,y | 2.8 ± 0.1 a | 9.9 ± 3.3 b | nd a | 2.6 ± 1.1 b | 5.5 ± 1.2 c,z | 2.9 ± 0.6 b | 9.2 ± 0.7 d |
| Butyl decanoate | nd a | 2.7 ± 0.5 a | 12.2 ± 2.4 b,y | 2.7 ± 0.3 a | 9.1 ± 3.5 b | nd a | 2.3 ± 0.9 b | 4.9 ± 1.4 c,z | 2.6 ± 0.7 b | 9.6 ± 0.6 d |
| Methyl dodecanoate | nd a | 0.3 ± 0.0 a,z | 2.9 ± 0.4 b,y | 0.4 ± 0.1 a,z | 2.7 ± 0.8 b | nd a | 1.2 ± 0.1 b,y | 1.4 ± 0.5 b,z | 1.0 ± 0.3 b,y | 2.6 ± 0.4 c |
| 3-Methylbutyl decanoate | nd a | 40.1 ± 7.6 b | 182.2 ± 35.2 d,y | 37.5 ± 5.4 b | 112.0 ± 15.1 c | nd a | 36.3 ± 11.5 b | 81.1 ± 18.8 c,z | 44.8 ± 3.5 b | 137.2 ± 35.7 d |
| p-Cymene | 0.3 ± 0.2 y | 2.2 ± 1.9 | 1.4 ± 0.2 y | 0.8 ± 0.1 y | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 0.8 ± 0.1 a,z | 0.8 ± 0.0 a | 1.2 ± 0.1 c,z | 0.9 ± 0.1 a,z | 1.1 ± 0.0 b |
| Trimethyl benzene | 0.4 ± 0.1 a,y | 0.9 ± 0.3 b,c,y | 1.2 ± 0.1 c,y | 0.7 ± 0.1 a,b,y | 1.0 ± 0.1 b,c | 0.4 ± 0.1 a,z | 0.7 ± 0.0 b,z | 0.9 ± 0.1 c,z | 0.7 ± 0.1 b,z | 1.1 ± 0.1 d |
| Benzaldehyde | 18.3 ± 5.6 a,z | 17.4 ± 4.7 a,z | 40.5 ± 6.7 b,z | 17.5 ± 3.3 a,z | 27.5 ± 6.6 a,z | 64.1 ± 1.5 a,y | 93.9 ± 19.5 a,b,y | 75.5 ± 8.1 a,y | 114.9 ± 15.9 b,y | 93.7 ± 6.0 a,b,y |
| Phenylethyl alcohol | 1.2 ± 0.7 a,z | 29.0 ± 2.1 b | 145.3 ± 18.1 d,y | 39.4 ± 6.7 b | 105.9 ± 12.0 c | 30.2 ± 3.7 a,y | 41.0 ± 6.1 a | 92.0 ± 2.2 b,z | 51.3 ± 7.1 a | 119.3 ± 20.2 c |
| Carbon disulfide | 0.6 ± 0.1 a | 1.3 ± 0.4 b | 1.0 ± 0.2 a,b | 0.5 ± 0.1 a | 1.0 ± 0.3 a,b | 1.4 ± 0.5 b | 0.7 ± 0.3 a,b | 0.7 ± 0.2 a,b | 0.5 ± 0.2 a | 1.0 ± 0.4 a,b |
| 5-Methyl thiazole | nd z | nd z | nd z | nd z | nd z | 11.3 ± 4.0 a,y | 9.7 ± 0.8 a,z | 38.4 ± 16.7 b,y | 8.9 ± 2.7 a,y | 20.0 ± 9.7 a,y |
| 2-Pentyl furan | 12.1 ± 3.1 a,z | 19.7 ± 4.5 a,z | 29.5 ± 6.4 b | 12.9 ± 1.7 a,z | 14.8 ± 1.2 a,z | 23.6 ± 3.9 y | 26.7 ± 3.0 y | 38.4 ± 6.7 | 37.6 ± 4.9 y | 36.7 ± 8.0 y |
| Total concentrations of the main groups of compounds * | ||||||||||
| ∑ Aldehydes | 422.7 ± 91.3 a,z | 450.0 ± 53.7 a | 853.0 ± 155.9 b | 416.2 ± 65.4 a | 520.5 ± 75.9 a,z | 685.9 ± 31.5 b,c,y | 488.3 ± 32.6 a | 660.0 ± 75.9 b,c | 570.4 ± 100.6 a,b | 758.4 ± 74.4 c,y |
| ∑ Ketones | 30.9 ± 7.3 | 27.5 ± 7.0 z | 37.1 ± 3.0 z | 23.4 ± 3.2 z | 27.1 ± 5.9 z | 38.2 ± 6.3 a | 43.0 ± 1.6 a,y | 58.3 ± 6.3 b,y | 55.7 ± 6.3 b,y | 47.1 ± 5.6 a,b,y |
| ∑ Alcohols | 66.5 ± 13.1 a,z | 107.1 ± 13.8 a,z | 142.4 ± 35.1 b,z | 84.3 ± 12.3 a,z | 79.2 ± 8.9 a,z | 379.8 ± 48.4 b,y | 267.6 ± 28.8 a,y | 305.9 ± 18.8 a,b,y | 301.0 ± 42.9 a,b,y | 323.7 ± 42.6 a,b,y |
| ∑ Hydrocarbons | 26.0 ± 9.8 a | 26.4 ± 8.5 a,z | 48.5 ± 11.7 b | 25.5 ± 4.8 a,z | 25.5 ± 2.2 a,z | 36.1 ± 3.8 a | 40.6 ± 1.5 a,b,y | 52.6 ± 8.1 b | 54.8 ± 10.5 b,y | 45.2 ± 4.3 a,b,y |
| ∑ Acids | 37.5 ± 9.0 a,z | 571.0 ± 102.1 b,z | 2765.7 ± 384.0 d,y | 627.7 ± 92.4 b,z | 1844.0 ± 340.9 c | 138.8 ± 14.3 a,y | 925.8 ± 123.0 b,y | 1828.2 ± 250.1 c,z | 1092.1 ± 124.4 b,y | 2278.9 ± 227.5 d |
| ∑ Esters | 18.9 ± 6.5 a,z | 4289.2 ± 753.4 a,y | 18,192.2 ± 1860.4 b,y | 4468.6 ± 664.5 a,y | 16,072.1 ± 5197.0 b | 196.9 ± 27.6 a,y | 2140.8 ± 276.4 b,z | 4885.7 ± 1280.0 c,z | 3020.2 ± 401.0 b,z | 8856.2 ± 547.3 d |
| ∑ Benzenic compounds | 25.5 ± 7.6 a,z | 57.3 ± 10.0 b,z | 210.5 ± 28.3 d | 65.3 ± 11.4 b,z | 141.7 ± 15.4 c,z | 126.0 ± 7.1 a,y | 158.9 ± 27.6 a,b,y | 203.3 ± 11.5 b | 192.2 ± 25.4 b,y | 251.7 ± 21.1 c,y |
| ∑ Sulfur compounds | 0.6 ± 0.1 a,z | 1.3 ± 0.4 b,z | 1.0 ± 0.2 a,b,z | 0.5 ± 0.1 a,z | 1.0 ± 0.3 a,b | 12.7 ± 3.8 a,y | 10.3 ± 1.1 a,y | 39.1 ± 16.6 b,y | 9.4 ± 2.9 a,y | 21.1 ± 9.6 a |
| ∑ Furanic compounds | 14.1 ± 3.0 a,z | 23.1 ± 6.2 a | 34.7 ± 7.9 b | 15.2 ± 2.5 a,z | 19.7 ± 0.9 a | 26.2 ± 4.1 a,y | 30.3 ± 3.1 a,b | 43.6 ± 7.0 b | 40.6 ± 5.1 a,b,y | 40.5 ± 9.0 a,b |
* Sum of the concentrations of the volatile compounds shown in Table S1 (supplementary material) grouped into chemical families. C: sodium ascorbate control; Lva: 2.5% “verdejo” lees; Lvb: 5% “verdejo” lees; Lpa: 2.5% “palomino” lees; Lpb: 5% “palomino” lees; DM: dry matter. Means within a row with different superscript letters (a–d) are significantly different (p < 0.05) as a function of sample within the same day. Means within a row with different superscript letters (z–y) are significantly different (p < 0.05) as a function of storage within the same sample.