| ACN | Acetonitrile |
| App | Apple by-products |
| CO2 | Carbon dioxide |
| log10(CFU/mL) | Colony-forming units per mL of sample |
| DIZ | Diameter of inhibition zones |
| EDTA-2Na | Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid disodium salt |
| ELSD | Evaporative Light-Scattering Detector |
| GOS | Galactooligosaccharides |
| HPAEC-PAD | High-Performance Anion-Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection |
| HPLC | High-performance liquid chromatography |
| HPLC-ELSD | High-performance liquid chromatography with Evaporative Light-Scattering Detection |
| I.D. | Internal diameter |
| LAB | Lactic acid bacteria |
| MP | Milk permeate |
| AppMP | with Apple by-products |
| MH | Mueller–Hinton |
| °N | Neiman degrees |
| HNO3 | Nitric acid |
| NP | Normal-phase |
| nd | Not detected |
| 1-way ANOVA | One-way analysis of variance |
| OA | Overall acceptability |
| E | Potential |
| STDV | Standard deviation |
| The Man Rogosa and Sharpe | MRS |
| Time periods | t |
| Total titratable acidity | TTA |
| Water | H2O |
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