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. 2020 Aug 11;8(8):1220. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8081220

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Possible mechanisms of HOCl biofilm stimulation in Gram-negative bacteria. HOCl induces (a) changes in cell morphology, which enhance the ability to adhere to surfaces; (b) increases the production of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix, increasing cell tolerance; (c) upregulates the production of c-di-GMP by DCGs; (d) regulates transcriptional regulators involved in HOCl-induced stress response. NaOCl: sodium hypochlorite; HOCl: hypochlorous acid; EPS: extracellular polymeric substance; DCG: diguanylate cyclase; c-di-GMP: cyclic-di-GMP.