Table 2.
Logistic Regression Analysis in terms of death during hospitalization (yes/no). *
| Logistic Regression Analysis | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate Model | Multivariate Model I | Multivariate Model II | |||||||
| OR | 95% CI | p-Value | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | OR | 95 % CI | p-Value | |
| Demographic Characteristics | |||||||||
| Age (years) | 1.083 | 1.046–1.122 | <0.001 | 1.045 | 0.974–1.123 | 0.221 | 1.049 | 0.976–1.128 | 0.193 |
| BMI (kg/m2) 1 | 0.803 | 0.173–3.730 | 0.779 | ||||||
| Sex, Women vs. Men | 0.564 | 0.250–1.273 | 0.168 | ||||||
| Clinical Characteristics | |||||||||
| Temperature (° C) | 1.091 | 0.736–1.619 | 0.664 | ||||||
| SpO2 (%) | 0.952 | 0.884–1.025 | 0.190 | ||||||
| O2 Requirement (L) 1 | 1.864 | 0.854–4.070 | 0.118 | ||||||
| Comorbidities | |||||||||
| CVD, yes vs. no | 5.815 | 1.975–17.117 | 0.001 | 2.127 | 0.309–14.647 | 0.443 | 2.532 | 0.341–18.798 | 0.364 |
| DM, yes vs. no | 1.543 | 0.513–4.639 | 0.440 | ||||||
| CKD, yes vs. no | 10.476 | 3.493–31.422 | <0.001 | ||||||
| COPD, yes vs. no | 2.851 | 1.032–7.874 | 0.043 | 5.064 | 0.867–29.563 | 0.072 | 4.701 | 0.711–31.077 | 0.108 |
| Laboratory Findings | |||||||||
| eGFR (mL/min) | 0.958 | 0.943–0.974 | <0.001 | 0.965 | 0.935–0.996 | 0.026 | 0.965 | 0.934–0.996 | 0.027 |
| Iron (μmol/L) 1 | 0.656 | 0.306–1.406 | 0.279 | ||||||
| Ferritin (μg/L) 1 | 0.957 | 0.688–1.332 | 0.794 | ||||||
| Transferrin (mg/dL) 1 | 0.223 | 0.054–0.924 | 0.039 | ||||||
| Ferritin/Transferrin ratio 1,2 | 1.021 | 0.767–1.360 | 0.885 | ||||||
| TSAT (%) 1 | 1.038 | 0.473–2.277 | 0.926 | ||||||
| Leukocytes [G/L] 1 | 4.879 | 2.201–10.814 | <0.001 | 8.576 | 2.550–28.846 | 0.001 | 11.099 | 2.914–42.276 | <0.001 |
| CRP (mg/dL) 1 | 1.374 | 1.041–1.814 | 0.025 | ||||||
| IL-6 (ng/L) 1 | 1.415 | 1.046–1.915 | 0.024 | ||||||
| PCT (ng/mL) 1 | 1.475 | 1.082–2.010 | 0.014 | 1.516 | 0.907–2.535 | 0.113 | 1.516 | 0.989–2.560 | 0.119 |
| Classifications | |||||||||
| Anemia | |||||||||
| Anemia vs. no Anemia | 3.729 | 1.739–7.995 | 0.001 | 5.063 | 1.260–20.345 | 0.022 | |||
| WHO Classification | |||||||||
| Mild Anemia vs. no Anemia |
2.983 | 1.174–7.581 | 0.022 | 2.977 | 0.607–14–608 | 0.179 | |||
| Moderate/Severe anemia vs. no Anemia |
4.972 | 1.871–13.213 | 0.001 | 13.323 | 2.139–82.999 | 0.006 | |||
| Iron Deficiency | |||||||||
| Absolute ID vs. no ID | 0.458 | 0.082–2.572 | 0.375 | ||||||
| Functional ID vs. no ID |
0.418 | 0.150–1.165 | 0.095 | ||||||
* Multivariate model I analyses the predictive value of anemia, while the multivariate model II analyses the predictive value of anemic subgroups. Because of the high significantly correlation of PCT levels with CRP and IL-6 levels, only PCT was included into the multivariate model since it showed the highest predictive value in the univariate analysis. The chi-square test was 64.621 (p < 0.001) for multivariate model I (n = 194—only patients with all included variables were available) and 67.581 (p < 0.001) for multivariate model II (n = 194—only patients with all included variables were available). OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; BMI = body mass index; SpO2 = peripheral capillary oxygen saturation; O2 = oxygen; CVD = cardiovascular disease; DM = diabetes mellitus; CKD = chronic kidney disease; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; TSAT = transferrin saturation; CRP = C-reactive protein; IL-6 = interleukin 6; PCT = procalcitonin; WHO = World Health Organization; ID = iron deficiency. 1 logarithmized with the natural logarithm because not normally distributed; 2 calculated as a ratio of ferritin (µg/L)/transferrin (mg/dL).