Figure 5.

Exercise-mediated SCFAs changes ameliorate IR mainly by increasing autophagy in skeletal muscle cells. (A) Primary skeletal muscle cells were isolated from the mice of different groups including control, DM, DM+Ex, DM+GLPG0974 and DM+Ex+GLPG0974. The expression of autophagy-related proteins p62, LC3, Beclin1, p-mTOR and mTOR in different groups was analyzed by western blot; (B) quantitative analysis of the ratio of LC3II/LC3I, p-mTOR, Beclin 1 and p62 in the left panel (A); (C) primary skeletal muscle cells were isolated from wild type mice. The insulin resistance skeletal muscle cells were established by the addition of palmitate (PA). Autophagy flux was blocked by the administration of chloroquine. The p-IRS^Tyr612, IRS, p-AKT^Ser473 and AKT expression in different treatment groups were determined by western blot; (D) glucose uptake capacity of cells in each group measured by fluorescently labeled 2-deoxyglucose (2-NBDG). * p < 0.05. ** p < 0.01.