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Illustration of exosome-driven melanomagenesis. Environmental and individual factors increase the total burden of miR-21-enriched exosomes. Melanoma (MM) cell levels of miR-21 increase steadily during melanomagenesis. Metastatic MM secretes high amounts of MM-derived miR-21- and PD-L1-enriched exosomes that compromise local and distant tumor defense mechanisms.
