Table 4.
Lifestyle factors upregulating miR-21 expression.
| Lifestyle Factor | Biological Responses | References |
|---|---|---|
| Ultraviolet radiation | Keratinocyte-derived release of miR-21-enriched exosomes; increased miR-21 expression of melanocytes |
[163,164,165,166,167] |
| Cosmic irradiation | Increase of exosomal miR-21 | [177,178,179,180,181] |
| Electromagnetic radiation | Increased expression of miR-21 | [183] |
| Obese adipose tissue | Adipocyte secretome with increased release of miR-21-enriched exosomes | [232,233,234,235,236] |
| High-fat diet-induced obesity | Increase of circulatory and adipocyte miR-21 | [230,231] |
| High glucose intake | Increase of circulatory miR-21 | [60] |
| High fructose intake | Increase of circulatory miR-21 | [256] |
| Alcohol consumption | Increase of circulatory miR-21 | [276,277] |
| Milk consumption | Increase of circulatory exosomal miR-21 | [210,211,212,213] |
| Vitamin D deficiency | Increased expression of miR-21 | [95] |
| Smoking | Increased expression of exosomal miR-21 in airway epithelial cells |
[287,288,289] |
| Air pollution (Diesel) | Increased expression of exosomal miR-21 in airway epithelial cells |
[290] |
| Sedentary lifestyle | Increase of circulatory miR-21 | [334,335] |
| Aging | Increase of circulatory miR-21 | [324,325] |
| Chronic inflammation | Increase of circulatory miR-21 | [331,332,333] |