Table 2.
Background characteristics of 476 Project Viva participants.
| Mean ± SD or % (N) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Boys | Girls | |
| n = 249 | n = 227 | |
| Perinatal and Family Characteristics | ||
| Mother′s age at enrollment (years) | 32.7 ± 5.6 | 32.7 ± 4.9 |
| Annual household income > $70,000 | 63.9% (145) | 62.8% (130) |
| Mother is college graduate | 69.0% (161) | 71.2% (161) |
| Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 24.8 ± 5.2 | 24.9 ± 5.3 |
| Gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosis | 4.4% (11) | 4.0% (9) |
| Mother smoked during pregnancy | 11.2% (28) | 8.9% (20) |
| Birthweight-for-gestational age z-score a | 0.26 ± 1.01 | 0.18 ± 0.97 |
| Growth hallmarks | ||
| Age at infancy BMI peak (months) | 8.0 ± 1.8 | 8.7 ± 3.0 |
| BMI at peak (kg/m2) | 18.4 ± 1.4 | 17.8 ± 1.3 |
| Age at BMI rebound (years) | 5.2 ± 1.8 | 4.8 ± 1.7 |
| BMI at rebound (kg/m2) | 16.0 ± 1.2 | 15.8 ± 1.3 |
| Child characteristics at the early teen visit | ||
| Age (years) | 12.9 ± 0.6 | 13.0 ± 0.7 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| Black | 16.1% (40) | 12.8% (29) |
| Hispanic | 4.4% (11) | 4.0% (9) |
| White | 61.8% (154) | 66.4% (150) |
| Asian | 2.8% (7) | 3.1% (7) |
| >1 race/ethnicity | 14.9% (37) | 13.7% (31) |
| Puberty score >2 | 45.2% (112) | 83.6% (189) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 73.0 ± 11.2 | 72.6 ± 10.4 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 108.7 ± 8.9 | 105.7 ± 8.8 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 56.2 ± 13.7 | 55.9 ± 12.5 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.75 ± 1.73 | 3.42 ± 2.23 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 66.8 ± 30.9 | 71.7 ± 29.8 |
| MetS z-scoreb | −0.13 ± 0.43 | −0.20 ± 0.43 |
Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index, HDL: high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; MetS z-score: metabolic syndrome z-score; SBP: systolic blood pressure. a—According to Oken et al. [41]. b—Externally standardized metabolic syndrome z-score comprised of waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, reversed HDL, triglycerides, and HOMA-IR.