Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2020 Jul 26;9(8):666. doi: 10.3390/antiox9080666

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Scheme 2 — High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) levels increased in diabetic retinopathy (DR). HMGB1 promotes angiogenesis directly and indirectly. Multiple functions of HMGB1 in DR are limited to murine models and in vitro studies. HIF-1α: hypoxia induced factor-1α; Egr-1: early growth response protein 1; TYK2: tyrosine kinase 2; CXCL12/CXCR4: chemokine; NOX2: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase; RAGE: receptors for advanced glycation end-products; TLR-1/2/9/4: toll like receptor-1/2/9/4; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; NF-kB: nuclear factor-κB; ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule-1; IL-1β/8: interleukin-1β/8; PLA-2: phospholipases A2; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; SIRT1: sirtuin; PARP-1: poly ADP-ribose polymerase; ROS: reactive oxygen species; 8-OHdG: 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine; VAP-1: vascular adhesion protein-1; HO-1: heme oxygenase-1; OPN: osteopontin.