8-OHdG	8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine
AGE	advanced glycation end-products
ARPE-19	adult retinal pigment epithelial cell line-19
BDNF	brain-derived neurotrophic factor
BK	bradykinin
BRB	blood–retinal barrier
COX-2	cyclooxygenase
CTGF	connective tissue growth factor
CyA	cyclosporine A
DM	diabetes mellitus
DR	diabetic retinopathy
EC	endothelial cells
Egr-1	early growth response protein 1
eNOS	endothelial nitric oxide synthase
EP	ethyl pyruvate
ERK	extracellular signal-regulated kinase
GA	glycyrrhizin
GSH	reduced glutathione
HIF-1α	hypoxia induced factor-1α
HMGB	high-mobility group box
HO-1	heme oxygenase-1
HRECs	human retinal endothelial cells
HRMEC	human retinal microvascular endothelial cells
ICAM-1	intercellular adhesion molecule-1
IFN	interferon
IGFBP-3	insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3
IL	interleukin
iNOS	inducible nitric oxide synthase
MAPK	mitogen-activated protein kinase
MMP-9	metalloproteinases-9
NF-κB	nuclear factor-κB
NOX	nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase
NPDR	non proliferative diabetic retinopathy
OPN	osteopontin
PAI-1	plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
PARP	poly ADP-ribose polymerase
PCE	polygonum cuspidatum
PDR	proliferative diabetic retinopathy
PEDF	pigment epithelium-derived factor
PI3K	phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
PK	protein kinase
PLA-2	phospholipases A2
PVR	proliferative vitreoretinopathy
RAGE	receptors for AGEs
RGC	retinal ganglion cells
ROP	retinopathy of prematurity
ROS	reactive oxygen species
RPE	retinal pigmented epithelium
shRNA	short hairpin RNA
siRNA	small interfering RNAs
SIRT	sirtuin
SOCS3	suppressor of cytokine signaling 3
SOD	superoxide dismutase
STAT-3	signal transducer and activator of transcription-3
pSTAT-3	phosphorylated STAT-3
STZ	streptozotocin
TGF-β1	transforming growth factor-β1
TLR	toll like receptor
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor-α
TYK2	tyrosine kinase 2
VAP-1	vascular adhesion protein-1
VCAM-1	vascular cell adhesion molecule-1
VEGF	vascular endothelial growth factor