Table 1.
Baseline characteristics for the institutional cohort and imputed variables.
| Patient Characteristics | n (%) or Median (IQR) | Imputed n (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||
| Male | 192 (48) | |
| Female | 208 (52) | |
| Age at baseline * | 63 (55–71) | |
| WHO PS | ||
| 0 | 161 (40.2) | |
| 1 | 129 (32.3) | |
| 2 | 34 (8.5) | |
| Missing | 76 (19) | |
| Ethnicity * | ||
| Caucasian | 253 (63.2) | |
| Black | 7 (1.8) | |
| Other | 10 (2.5) | |
| Missing | 130 (32.5) | |
| Primary tumour | ||
| SI | 304 (76.0) | |
| Unknown primary | 96 (24.0) | |
| Carcinoid syndrome * | 267 (66.8) | |
| CHD * | 24 (6.0) | |
| Distant metastases at baseline | 305 (76.3) | |
| Liver metastases at baseline * | 236 (59.0) | |
| Tumour grade * | ||
| 1 | 265 (66.2) | |
| 2 | 94 (23.5) | |
| Unknown | 41 (10.3) | |
| Tumour size * | ||
| <2 | 44 (11.0) | |
| 2–2.5 | 22 (5.5) | |
| 2.5–3 | 26 (3.8) | |
| >3 | 46 (11.5) | |
| Missing | 127 (31.8) | |
| Max Ki-67 index * | ||
| <5 | 202 (50.5) | |
| <10 | 52 (13.0) | |
| ≥10 | 22 (5.5) | |
| Missing | 124 (31.0) | |
| Elevated CgA >6x ULN * | 98 (24.5) | 107 (26.8) |
| Missing | 88 (22.0) | |
| Elevated serotonin * | 143 (35.8) | 163 (40.8) |
| Missing | 212 (53.0) | |
| Elevated liver tests * | 33 (8.3) | 35 (8.8) |
| Missing | 53 (13.3) | |
| Treatment | ||
| Groups | ||
| 1. Surgery with curative intent | 26 (6.5) | |
| 2. Surgery with palliative intent | 149 (37.3) | |
| 3. No surgery | 225 (56.2) | |
| SSAs * | 152 (38.0) | |
| Surgery | 175 (43.8) | |
| Liver surgery * | 9 (2.3) | |
| PRRT/RT | 21 (5.3) | |
| Embolization | 4 (1.0) |
* Nomogram variable; WHO PS: World Health Organisation Performance Score; G1: grade 1; G2: grade 2; SI: small intestine; UP: unknown primary; CS: carcinoid syndrome; CHD: carcinoid heart disease; CgA: chromogranin A; liver tests: any elevation of alkaline phosphatase, gammaglutyltransferase or bilirubin; ULN: upper limit of normal; SSAs: somatostatin analogues; PRRT: peptide receptor radionuclide therapy; RT: radiotherapy.