Table 5.
Echostructure data for athletes with CLPP, healthy athletes and total sample.
| Outcome Measurements |
Total Group (N = 30) |
CLPP Athletes (n = 15) |
Healthy Athletes (n = 15) |
p-Value CLPP vs. healthy |
Effect Size (d) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Right LM CSA at rest (CSARest) (cm2) | 7.10 ± 1.44 (4.95–10.08) |
7.00 ± 1.31 (5.61–9.64) |
7.20 ± 1.59 (4.95–10.08) |
0.710 * | NS | |
| Left LM CSA at rest (CSARest) (cm2) | 7.36 ± 1.38 (5.07–9.79) |
7.34 ± 1.40 (5.35–9.79) |
7.39 ± 1.41 (5.07–9.14) |
0.920 * | NS | |
| Right LM CSA during CAL (CSACAL) (cm2) | 7.71 ± 1.60 (5.07–10.96) |
7.49 ± 1.31 (5.60–9.97) |
7.93 ± 1.88 (5.07–10.96) |
0.459 * | NS | |
| Left LM CSA during CAL (CSACAL) (cm2) | 7.98 ± 1.51 (5.59–11.22) |
7.71 ± 1.33 (5.59–9.51) |
8.24 ± 1.68 (5.64–11.22) |
0.349 * | NS | |
| Right LM CSA difference (CSADif. = CSACAL − CSARest) (cm2) |
0.61 ± 0.67 (−0.77 to 2.21) |
0.49 ± 0.75 (−0.77 to 1.93) |
0.73 ± 0.58 (0.12–2.21) |
0.325 * | NS | |
| Left LM CSA difference (CSADif. = CSACAL − CSARest) (cm2) |
0.61 ± 0.55 (−0.28 to 2.17) |
0.37 ± 0.43 (−0.28 to 1.10) |
0.85 ± 0.56 (0.03–2.17) |
0.015 * | 0.85 | |
| Right LM activation pattern (ACT.PATT) | Normal | 25 (83.3%) | 10 (66.7%) | 15 (100%) | 0.042 † | 0.45 |
| Altered | 5 (16.7%) | 5 (33.3%) | 0 (0%) | |||
| Left LM activation pattern (ACT.PATT) | Normal | 25 (83.3%) | 10 (66.7%) | 15 (100%) | 0.042 † | 0.45 |
| Altered | 5 (16.7%) | 5 (33.3%) | 0 (0%) | |||
| Right thoracolumbar fasciae (TLF) thickness (TH) (cm) |
(0.10–0.24) | 0.17 ± 0.04 (0.11–0.24) |
0.16 ± 0.04 (0.10–0.23) |
0.702 * | NS | |
| Left thoracolumbar fasciae (TLF) thickness (TH) (cm) |
0.15 ± 0.04 (0.09–0.26) |
0.15 ± 0.04 (0.09–0.26) |
0.15 ± 0.04 (0.09–0.23) |
0.869 * | NS | |
| Right thoracolumbar fasciae (TLF) Likert-type Scale |
7.27 ± 1.60 (4–10) |
6.33 ± 1.18 (4–8) |
8.20 ± 1.42 (6–10) |
0.001 * | 1.43 | |
| Left thoracolumbar fasciae (TLF) Likert-type Scale |
7.07 ± 1.70 (4–10) |
5.93 ± 1.28 (4–9) |
8.20 ± 1.15 (6–10) |
0.001 * | 1.87 | |
| Right thoracolumbar fasciae morphology (TLF-MRPH) | Somewhat disorganized | 4 (13.3%) | 4 (26.7%) | 0 (0%) | 0.011 ‡ | |
| Somewhat organized | 15 (50%) | 9 (60%) | 6 (40%) | 0.55 | ||
| Very organized | 11 (36.7%) | 2 (13.3%) | 9 (60%) | |||
| Left thoracolumbar fasciae morphology (TLF-MRPH) | Somewhat disorganized | 7 (23.3%) | 7 (46.7%) | 0 (0%) | <0.001 ‡ | |
| Somewhat organized | 11 (36.7%) | 7 (46.7%) | 4 (26.7%) | 0.73 | ||
| Very organized | 12 (40%) | 1 (6.7%) | 11 (73.3%) | |||
Abbreviations: ACT.PATT, activation pattern; CLLP, chronic lumbo-pelvic pain; CSA, cross-sectional area; CSACAL, cross-sectional area during contralateral arm lift task; CSADif, cross-sectional area differences during contraction and rest; CSARest, cross-sectional area at resting; NS, no significant; TH; thickness; TLF-MRPH, thoracolumbar fasciae morphology. * Mean ± standard deviation and range (min–max) as well as Student´s t-test for independent samples were used according to parametric distributions (Shapiro–Wilk test showing a p-value ≥ 0.05). † Frequency and percentage (%) as well as Fisher exact test were used. ‡ Frequency and percentage (%) as well as Chi-squared test (χ2) were used. Cramer´s V test were used. For all analyses, p < 0.05 (for a confidence interval of 95%) was considered as statistically significant (bold).