Table 1.

Main types of PTMs in Actinomycetes.

Organism	Main Antibiotic	PTM	Functions	Reference
Streptomyces coelicolor	actinorhodin and clorobiocin	Phosphorylation	Modulating differentiation and secondary metabolism	[11]
Mycobacterium tuberculosis	none		Virulence, fatty acid biosynthesis and two-component regulatory system	[16]
Mycobacterium smegmatis	none		Environmental adaptation, including dormancy and drug resistance	[17]
Streptomyces roseosporus	daptomycin	Acetylation	Governing cellular processes, including secondary metabolites biosynthesis	[18]
Streptomyces coelicolor	actinorhodin and clorobiocin		Governing cellular processes, including secondary metabolites biosynthesis	[9]
Saccharopolyspora erythraea	erythromycin		Central metabolism like protein synthesis, glycolysis, citric acid (TCA) cycle and a direct regulation in erythromycin synthesis	[19]
Mycobacterium tuberculosis	none		Metabolism, persistence and virulence	[20]
Saccharopolyspora erythraea	erythromycin	Malonylation	Central metabolism and erythromycin biosynthesis	[21]
Streptomyces coelicolor	actinorhodin and clorobiocin	Succinylation	Protein biosynthesis and carbon metabolism	[22]
Mycobacterium tuberculosis	none		Resistance to antibiotics	[23,24]
Streptomyces roseosporus	daptomycin	Crotonylation	Governing cellular processes, including carbon catabolite repression and secondary metabolites biosynthesis	[14]
Mycobacterium tuberculosis	none	Glutarylation	Governing protein folding and metabolic process related with stress reaction	[25]
Streptomyces coelicolor	actinorhodin and clorobiocin	Pupylation	Protein degradation	[26]
Mycobacterium tuberculosis	none		Substance metabolism, toxic and antitoxic factors, cell wall and cell membrane components and pathogenicity	[27]
Streptomyces coelicolor	actinorhodin and clorobiocin	O-glycosylation	Maintaining cell wall integrity and regulating enzyme function	[28]
Streptomyces coelicolor	actinorhodin and clorobiocin	ADP-ribosylation	Morphologic differentiation and antibiotic production	[29]