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Effect of VA on cachexia parameters in COC mice. (A) Muscle tissue weights of gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior were measured. Protein levels of (B) MuRF1 and (C) MAFbx were analyzed by a Western blot analysis. Results were expressed relative to β-actin. All data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 5); * p < 0.05 vs. vehicle-treated COC mice. COC, cancer–obesity comorbidity; HFD, high-fat diet; VA, vanillic acid; GAS, gastrocnemius muscle; TA, tibialis anterior muscle.
