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. 2020 Aug 6;12(8):2190. doi: 10.3390/cancers12082190

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Immunological characterization and immunotherapeutic strategies in CCA. Schematic representation of the innate immune cells promoting tumor growth (left part of the balance) in comparison with the adaptive immune cells implicated in the tumor growth control. Abbreviations: COX2: Cyclooxygenase 2; CTLA-4: Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4; IDO: indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; IFNγ: Interferon γ; IL-10: Interleukin 10; MDSC: Myeloid-derived suppressor cell; TAM: Tumor-associated macrophage; TAN: Tumor-associated neutrophil; TGF-β Transforming growth factor beta; PD-1: Programmed death 1; PD-L1: Programmed death ligand 1.