Figure 3.

Alzheimer’s like neuropathology in HIV-1 leads to inflammaging: Amyloids that are synthesized by the neurons and non-neuronal cells in the presence of HIV-1 in the CNS can lead to neuroinflammation either directly, or via the amyloid carrying EV cargoes. Accumulation of amyloids causes tissue damage and leads to inflammation and infiltration of immune cells into the brain, in turn, resulting in the activation of glial cells and production of proinflammatory mediators. furthermore, these pathways can trigger a vicious cycle leading to increased production of amyloids and chronic neuroinflammation, ultimately culminating in inflammaging.