Table 2.
Non-exhaustive list of gene expression changes in cells incubated with GNPs. Upregulated and downregulated genes are highlighted in green and red, respectively. When data are available in the publications, fold change is reported in the table.
| Gene Category | Gene Symbol |
GNP Size (nm) |
Ligand | Fold Change |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cell cycle | CCNB | 20 | FBS | 0.63 | [94] |
| CDH1 | 30 | - | 23 | [95] | |
| 45 | BSA | 2.22 | [96] | ||
| CDKN2B | 1.4 | TTPMS | [77] | ||
| CDKN2C | 1.4 | TTPMS | [77] | ||
| FBX04 | 1.4 | TTPMS | [77] | ||
| HsT17299 | 20 | FBS | 0.57 | [94] | |
| MAD2 | 20 | FBS | 0.54 | [94] | |
| MCM2 | 20 | citrate | [97] | ||
| MCM5 | 20 | citrate | [97] | ||
| 45 | BSA | 0.59 | [96] | ||
| MCM6 | 20 | citrate | [97] | ||
| MEF2C | 1.4 | TTPMS | [77] | ||
| RPA1 | 2 | MES | [98] | ||
| SESN1 | 2 | TMAT | [98] | ||
| Cell death (apoptosis) | CASP3 | 15 | citrate | 1.4 | [99] |
| CASP7 | 15 | citrate | 1.5 | [99] | |
| MCL1 | 18 | citrate | 1.56 | [100] | |
| Cell proliferation | ACTG1 | 20 | citrate | [97] | |
| ACTN1 | 20 | citrate | [97] | ||
| ICAM-1 | 5 | citrate | 0.65 | [101] | |
| MMP-9 | 5 | citrate | 0.37 | [101] | |
| PIP5K2B | 20 | citrate | [97] | ||
| TUBB2A | 20 | citrate | [97] | ||
| DNA damage signaling | APEX1 | 2 | MES | [98] | |
| ATLD/HNGS1 | 20 | FBS | 0.92 | [94] | |
| ATM | 2 | TMAT | [98] | ||
| AT-V1/AT-V2 | 20 | FBS | 0.81 | [94] | |
| BRCA1 | 20 | FBS | 0.65 | [94] | |
| CHEK2 | 18 | PAA | 1.03 | [100] | |
| Hus1 | 20 | FBS | 0.85 | [94] | |
| MRE11A | 2 | TMAT | [98] | ||
| MSH3 | 2 | MES | [98] | ||
| RAD9A | 18 | PAA | 1.09 | [100] | |
| RAD21 | 2 | TMAT | [98] | ||
| RAD51 | 2 | MEEE | [98] | ||
| RBBP8 | 20 | FBS | 0.75 | [94] | |
| REV1 | 2 | MES | [98] | ||
| Oxidative stress | FOSL1 | 1.4 | TTPMS | 8.2 | [77] |
| FTH1 | 18 | citrate | 1.52 | [100] | |
| GSTM3 | 1.4 | TTPMS | 2.1 | [77] | |
| HMOX1 | 1.4 | TTPMS | 23.7 | [77] | |
| JUNB | 20 | citrate | [97] | ||
| MT1X | 20 | citrate | [97] | ||
| NF1X | 20 | citrate | [97] | ||
| OSG1N1 | 1.4 | TTPMS | 10.2 | [77] | |
| PRDX1 | 18 | citrate | 1.64 | [100] | |
| SOD3 | 20 | citrate | [97] |
FBS = fetal bovine serum; BSA = bovine serum albumin, TTPMS = tri-phenylphosphine monosulfonate; MEEE = mercapto-ethoxy-ethoxy-ethanol; MES = mercapto-ethane-sulfonate; TMAT = tri-methyl-ammonium-ethane-thiol.