Table 1.
Physical characteristics, efficacy and toxicity of radiopharmaceuticals.
| Radioisotope | Pharmaceutical | Half-Life (Days) | Emission | β Energy: Maximum/Mean (Mev) | Other Emissions (KeV) Abundance (%) | Range in Soft-Tissue: Maximum/Mean Maximum in Bone (mm) | Excretion (Main) | Administration Dose (MBq) | Response Rate (%) | Response Duration (Months) | Distinct Feature | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [89Sr]strontium | Dichloride | 50.5 | β¯ | 1.46/0.583 | – | 6.7/2.4/3.0 | Renal | 150 | 60–95 | 3–6.5 | Longer typical duration of response | [4,8,9,19,20,21] |
| [153Sm]samarium | EDTMP | 1.93 | β¯- | 0.81/0.233/ | γ: 103 (28%) | 2.5/0.6/- | Renal | 37 MBq/kg | 40–97 | 2–3 | Widely investigate and available | [10,20,22,23,24,25] |
| [186Re]rhenium | HEDP | 3.7 | β¯ γ |
1.07/0.349 | γ: 137 (9%) | 4.5/1.1/- | Renal | 1295 | 38–82 | 5–12 | – | [17,26] |
| [188Re]rhenium | HEDP | 0.7 | β¯-γ | 2.12/0.64 | γ: 155 (15%) | 11/3/- | Renal | 1100–3300 | 70–80 | 3–6 | Potential antitumor effect | [18,27,28,29,30] |
| [177Lu]lutetium | EDTMP DOTMP |
6.73 | β¯-γ | 0.489/0.133 | γ: 113 (6%), 208 (11%) | 1.7/0.23/- | Renal | 1295–2590 | 77–100 | 1–4 | Widely available | [10,21,31] |
| [166Ho]holmium | DOTMP EDTMP |
1.12 | β¯ γ x |
1.84/0.67 | γ: 81 (7%), 1400 (~1%) x: 48 to 55 (10%) |
8.7/4.0/3.8 | Renal | 1110/<55,500 | – | – | Efficacy in bone marrow ablation | [16,31,32,33,34] |
| [223Ra]radium | Dichloride | 11.4 | α β¯ γ |
Maximum α energy: 7.53, 6.88, 6.68, 5.78 (95.3%) | β-: 1370, 584, 1 (3.6%) γ: 10–1270 (1.1%) |
<0.1/0.05–0.08/- | Gastrointestinal | 55 KBq/kg × 6 | 29–75 | 1.5 | Therapeutic effect | [10,35,36,37,38] |
DOTMP—1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetramethylene phosphonate; EDTMP—ethylene diamine tetramethylene phosphonate; HEDP—hydroxyethylidene diphosphonate.