Table 1.
Partial parameters and results of electrophysiological studies.
| Reference | Sample Size | Stimulation Types | Stimulation Electrode Position and Size | Reference Electrode Position and Size | Stimulation Parameters | The Number of Stimulation Sessions | EEG Recording Time | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zaehle, et al., 2011 [25] | 14 | tDCS: anodal/cathodal/sham | T7 or CP5, 35 cm2 | Contralateral supraorbital, 35 cm2 | 1.25 mA for 11 min. | Each participant received four sessions, each session included one sham and one active tDCS | Nine minutes after real and sham stimulation; | Anodal stimulation of the temporal lobe increases the amplitude of auditory P50, cathodal stimulation of the temporo-parietal region increases the amplitude of N1 |
| Terada, et al., 2015 [31] | 10 | tDCS: anodal/cathodal/sham | F3, 35 cm2 | right mastoid, 35 cm2 | 1.0 mA for 15 min | Three stimulation sessions | The entire experiment process is about 60 min | Cathodal tDCS significantly changed auditory P50 sensory gating index Feeling gating may be regulated by the cathodal tDCS of the left DLPFC, not by the anodal/sham tDCS |
| Kunzelmann, et al., 2018 [35] | 24 | tDCS: anodal/sham | over TP7 and P7, 35 cm2 | over Fp2, AF4, and AF8 25 cm2 | 1.0 mA for 20 min | Two stimulation sessions | The entire experiment process is about 60 min | Different stimulations have no significant effect on AEP, and there is no significant difference between different time points Electrode montage location, stimulation intensity, duration, and different stimulation conditions may have a significant influence on the experimental results |
| Boroda, et al., 2020 [37] | 22 | tDCS: anodal/sham | T7 and T8, 3.14 cm2 PiStim electrode | Fp1 and Fp2 3.14 cm2 PiStim electrode | 1.0 mA for 5 min | Two stimulation sessions | The entire experiment process is about 60 min | Regardless of tDCS, during the target pitch, the N100 component is enhanced compared to the baseline, and there is no difference during the control pitch Compared with sham stimulation, tDCS regulates the plasticity of the target sound |
| Chen, et al., 2014 [41] | 10 | tDCS: anodal/cathodal/sham/no stimulation | F4, 35 cm2 | Left supraorbital unspecified size | 2 mA for 25 min. | Four stimulation sessions | 19 min after stimulation. | The anodal tDCS on the right DLPFC reduced the frequency deviation of auditory MMN, but there was no change for the duration deviation |
| Weigl, et al., 2016 [44] | 18 | tDCS: anodal/cathodal/sham | F3, 35 cm2 | right supraorbital 35 cm2 | 1 mA for 15 min | Three stimulation sessions | Thirty-five minutes before and after stimulation | The anodal tDCS on the left DLPFC can reduce the time course and intensity deviation of auditory MMN, but does not affect the frequency deviation |
| Impey and Knott 2015 [42] | 12 | tDCS: anodal/sham | C5, T7, unspecified size | Contralateral forehead, unspecified size | 2 mA for 20 min | Two stimulation sessions | Unspecified | After the anodal tDCS, the MMN amplitude caused by the small tone is increased The anodal tDCS on the auditory cortex can increase the hearing discrimination ability of healthy subjects |
| Royal, et al., 2018 [46] | 14 | tDCS: frontal, temporal, sham | between electrodes Fp1, AF3 and AF7, 35 cm2 | (1) frontal: between the AF8 and F8, (2) temporal: between the T8 and TP8, (3) Sham: random, 35 cm2 |
2 mA for 20 min | Three stimulation sessions | 16 min before stimulation and 32 min after stimulation | The amplitude of P3 in the frontal and temporal regions after cathodal stimulation was lower than the baseline before stimulation The areas around tDCS inferior frontal gyrus and auditory cortex can induce temporary changes in brain activity induced when dealing with pitch deviations |
| Van Doren, et al., 2014 [53] | 14 | tRNS/sham | Simultaneous T7 and T8; 35 cm2 | unspecified | 2 mA for 20 min | Two stimulation sessions | Twelve minutes before and after stimulation. | The ASSR caused by the frequency modulation tone of 40 Hz has increased significantly TRNS can induce increased excitability in the auditory cortex |
| Miyagishi, et al., 2018 [54] | 24 | tDCS: left anodal, right cathodal/sham | Simultaneous F3 and F4; 35 cm2 | unspecified | 2 mA for 13 min | Two stimulation sessions | MEG test method | tDCS has no significant effect on the ASSR in the γ band Enhanced β-band ERSP of the left motor cortex after tDCS |
| Pellegrino, et al., 2019 [55] | 15 | tDCS: left anodal, right cathodal/sham | Simultaneous C3 and C4, 35 cm2 | unspecified | 2 mA for 20 min | Two stimulation sessions | MEG test method | Since the most affected area is far away from the stimulation point, tDCS has a strong remote effect tDCS will significantly reduce the γ synchronization of the auditory cortex |
| Hyvarinen, et al., 2018 [57] | 18 | Sine 12 Hz-tACS, 6.5 Hz-tACS no stimulation | Simultaneous T3 and T4, 35 cm2 | unspecified | (1) no stimulation:10 min (2)12 Hz-tACS: 1.5 mA for 10 min; (3) 6.5 Hz-tACS: 1.5 mA 2 min |
6.5 Hz-tACS and 12 Hz-tACS twice each. | MEG test method | Compared with no stimulation, the power of ASSR is significantly reduced under the tACS condition of 12 Hz, while the ASSR of 6.5 Hz-tACS is not reduced |