Table 1.

Overview of gingival mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs) isolation and culture methods.

Isolation Method	Author	Publication Date	Composition of Culture Medium	Enzymes Used for Digestion	Time of Digestion
Explant method	El-Bialy et al. [24]	2014	DMEM, 10% FBS, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 µg/mL streptomycin	–	–
	Fawzy El-Sayed et al. [23]	2015	α-MEM, 15% FCS, 400 mM/mL L-glutamine, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 µg/mL streptomycin, 1% amphotericin	–	–
	Fournier et al. [25]	2010	DMEM, 20% FCS, 100 µg/mL penicillin, 100 µg/mL streptomycin, 2 ng/mL amphotericin	–	–
	Mitrano et al. [22]	2010	α-MEM, 10% FBS, 1% penicillin, streptomycin, amphotericin	–	–
Enzymatic method	Gao et al. [28]	2014	α-MEM, 10% FBS	4 mg/mL collagenase IV	2 h at 37 °C
	Ge et al. [31]	2012	α-MEM, 20% FCS, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 µM L-ascorbate-2-phosphate, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 50 U/mL penicillin, 50 µg/mL streptomycin, 2.5 µg/mL amphotericin	3 mg/mL collagenase I, 4 mg/mL Dispase II	50 min at 37 °C
	Jin et al. [32]	2015	α-MEM, 15% FBS, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 µg/mL streptomycin, 200 mM L-glutamine, 10 mM ascorbic acid 2-phosphate	2 mg/mL collagenase IV, 1 mg/mL Dispase	30 at 37 °C (fraction discarded) 90 min at 37 °C (fraction seeded)
	Tang et al. [29]	2011	DMEM, 10% FBS, 0.292 mg/mL glutamine, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 µg/mL streptomycin	0.66 mg/mL collagenase I	50 min at 37 °C
	Tomar et al. [30]	2010	α-MEM, 10% FCS	0.1% collagenase, 0.2% Dispase	15 min at 37 °C (fraction discarded) 5 min at 37 °C 10 min at 37 °C 15 min at 37 °C (fractions pooled and seeded)
	Zhang et al. [17]	2009	α-MEM, 10% FBS, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 µg/mL streptomycin, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 mM nonessential amino acids	4 mg/mL collagenase IV	2 h at 37 °C