Table 2.
Description of cohorts reported in the included studies.
| Study | Country | Education (Highest Level) | * Ethnicity/ Nationality |
SES (Highest Income If Reported) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Berry et al., 2015 [25] | USA | 13% university graduates | 77% African-American; 23% Non-Hispanic White | 28% $20,000–$39,999 per year. |
| Bertz et al., 2015 [26] | Sweden | 69–80% had > 3 y beyond high school | n/a | n/a |
| Colleran et al., 2012 [27] | USA | All participants except one had at least a university education | 85% White, non-Hispanic; 11% African-American; 4% Hispanic | n/a |
| Craigie et al., 2011 [28] | UK | 28–35% degree attained | 93–96% Caucasian | 13% > £40,000 |
| Daley et al., 2015 [29] | UK | n/a | 57–68% White | 6–9% Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) quartile 1 (least deprived) |
| Davenport, 2011 [30] | Canada | n/a | 85–90% Caucasian | n/a |
| deRosset et al., 2013 [31] | USA | 42% completed high school | 100% Hispanic | 21% had household income from $20,000–$39,999 |
| Dritsa et al., 2009 [32] | Canada | 15–16 mean years of education | n/a | Mean 4.9–5.25 (4 = $30,000–$40,000; 5 = $40,000–$50,000) |
| Fjeldsoe et al., 2010 [33] | Australia | 16–17% had the highest education of year 10 | 2–6% identified as an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander | 2–6% had a weekly household income < $600 |
| Holmes et al. 2018 [34] | USA | 16–17 mean years of education | Caucasian | n/a |
| Huang et al., 2009 [35] | Taiwan | 23–28% university and above | n/a | n/a |
| Huseinovic et al., 2016, 2018 [36,37] | Sweden | 60% > 3 y beyond high school | n/a | n/a |
| Keller et al., 2014 [38] | USA | n/a | 100% Latina | 14% household income > $30,000 |
| Kernot et al., [39] | Australia | 85% tertiary education | n/a | n/a |
| Khodabandeh et al., 2017 [40] | Iran | 13–28% university degrees | 99–100% Azeri | 55–68% reported income equal to expenses |
| Krummel et al., 2010 [41] | USA | 60% had at least a high school education | 90% Caucasian | 65% stay-at-home mothers |
| Leermakers et al.,1998 [42] | USA | 12–30% graduate degree | 95–98% Caucasian | n/a |
| Lioret et al., 2012 [43] | Australia | 54% university degree or higher | 79% Australian; 21% Other | n/a |
| Lovelady et al., 2000, 2001, 2006 [44,45,46] | USA | n/a | 80–84% White; 16–19% Black | n/a |
| Lovelady et al., 1995 [47] | USA | 16–17 mean years of education | n/a | n/a |
| Lovelady et al., 2009 [48] | USA | n/a | 95% Non-Hispanic White; 5% Asian. | n/a |
| Maturi et al., 2011 [49] | Iran | 44–47% diploma; 41–48% university education | n/a | 22–24% employed |
| McCrory et al., 1999 [50] | USA | 16–17 mean years of education | 77–82% Non-Hispanic White; 9–14% Hispanic; 0–13% Black; 0–9% Asian | n/a |
| McIntyre et al., 2012 [51] | Australia | 60–62% > high school | n/a | n/a |
| Nicklas et al., 2014 [52] | USA | 20–28% some university; 56–60% university graduate | 51–64% White; 25–36% African American; 11–13% Asian; 15–25% Hispanic or Latina | 29–38% Low-income |
| Ostbye et al., 2009 [53] | USA | 24–25% some university; 54–56% university or more | 52–53% White; 45% Black; 2–3% Asian/Other | 42–43% > $60,000 |
| O’Toole et al., 2003 [54] | USA | 75% university graduates | 98% Caucasian; 3% African American | 43% full-time home-makers |
| Parsa et al., 2017 [55] | Iran | 30–32% diploma; 11% associate degree; 18% bachelor | n/a | 11% more than two million toman per month (1 USD = 3800 toman) |
| Tripette et al., 2014 [56] | Japan | n/a | 100% Japanese | n/a |
| Wiltheiss et al., 2013 [57] | USA | 20% some college or vocational, 42% college graduate, 27% graduate school | 75% White; 22% black; 4% other races; 5% Hispanic | 57% household income > $60,001 |
| Youngwanichsetha et al., 2013 [58] | Thailand | 31–38% Bachelor’s degree or higher | n/a | n/a |
| Zourladani et al., 2014 [59] | Greece | 50% university graduates | 100% Greek | n/a |
| Zilberman et al., 2018 [60] | Israel | 11 mean years of education | Jewish and Bedouin | n/a |
* As reported by the authors. SES: Socioeconomic status.