Table 1.
Bivariate association of baseline characteristics with group-based trajectories for functional decline measured by a decrease of SPPB ≥ 1 in a 3-group model (Figure 1D).
| Characteristics | Group Membership | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Group 1: No Decline | Group 2: Early Decline | Group 3: Late Decline | |
| n = 752 (46.0%) | n = 453 (27.7%) | n = 430 (26.3%) | |
| Physical activity intervention (n (%)] | 379 (50.4%) | 231 (51%) | 208 (48.5%) |
| Age, mean (SD) | 78 (5.0) | 79.4 (5.2) | 80.1 (5.3) |
| Female sex (n (%)] | 526 (70%) | 306 (67.6%) | 266 (61.9%) |
| Race (n (%)) | |||
| White | 543 (72.2%) | 356 (78.6%) | 343 (79.8%) |
| Black | 147 (19.5%) | 73 (16.1%) | 66 (15.3%) |
| Other | 62 (8.3%) | 24 (5.3%) | 21 (4.9%) |
| Education, ≥high school (n (%)] | 492 (65.5%) | 315 (69.5%) | 293 (68.2%) |
| BMI, kg/m2 (mean (SD)] | 30.3 (5.9) | 30.5 (5.8) | 29.6 (6.3) |
| Physical functioning assessments | |||
| SPPB ≤ 7 b (n (%)) | 333 (44.2%) | 221 (48.8%) | 176 (40.9%) |
| Gait speed, m/s (mean (SD)) | 0.8 (0.2) | 0.8 (0.2) | 0.8 (0.2) |
| Grip Strength, kg (mean (SD)) | 24.6 (10.4) | 23.1 (8.9) | 22.7 (9) |
| CHAMPS Score (range 0–120) a (mean (SD)) | 16.9 (32.5) | 17 (33.4) | 17.4 (33.5) |
| PAT-D (range 1–5) b (mean (SD)) | 1.4 (0.4) | 1.4 (0.4) | 1.5 (0.4) |
| Cognitive functioning assessments | |||
| 3MSE (range 0–100) a (mean (SD)) | 92 (5.2) | 91.7 (5.4) | 90.8 (5.6) |
| PSQI (range 0–21) b (mean (SD)) | 5.9 (3.8) | 6 (3.7) | 6 (3.8) |
| MATS score (range 30–80) a (mean (SD)) | 55.1 (7.9) | 52.4 (7.7) | 52.2 (8) |
| Smoking (n (%)) | |||
| Never | 405 (53.8%) | 241 (53.1%) | 218 (50.6%) |
| Former | 320 (42.6%) | 204 (45%) | 198 (46.1%) |
| Current | 27 (3.6%) | 9 (1.9%) | 14 (3.3%) |
| CVD (n (%)) | 205 (27.3%) | 139 (30.8%) | 146 (33.9%) |
| Diabetes (n (%)) | 199 (26.5%) | 133 (29.3%) | 126 (29.4%) |
| Heart attack (n (%)) | 69 (9.2%) | 46 (10.1%) | 42 (9.9%) |
| Heart failure (n (%)) | 39 (5.2%) | 34 (7.5%) | 23 (5.4%) |
| Metabolic Syndrome (n (%)) | 365 (48.5%) | 242 (53.3%) | 207 (48.1%) |
| Hypertension (n (%)) | 522 (69.5%) | 321 (70.9%) | 302 (70.1%) |
| Arthritis (n (%)) | 150 (19.9%) | 75 (16.6%) | 91 (21.2%) |
| Chronic lung disease (n (%)) | 133 (17.7%) | 77 (17.1%) | 71 (16.5%) |
| Self-Rated Health (good, very good, or excellent) (n (%)) | 462 (61.4%) | 294 (65%) | 296 (68.8%) |
Abbreviations: SD = standard deviation; BMI = body mass index, MATS = Mobility Assessment Tool: Short Form; PAT-D = Pepper Assessment Tool for Disability; 3MSE = Modified Mini Mental Examination; PSQI = Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; CHAMPS = Community Healthy Activities Model Program for Seniors; CVD = cerebrovascular disease; SPPB = Short Physical Performance Battery. a Higher scores indicate higher functioning status. b Higher scores indicate lower functioning status.