Table 2.

Proteases that target extracellular proteins. Supplemented and modified based on information provided in [6].

Name	Summary	References
Esp	A kind of serine protease secreted by a subset of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Purified S. epidermidis serine protease (Esp) can inhibit biofilm formation and destroy pre-existing Staphylococcus aureus biofilms.	[42]
Cysteine Proteases	Cysteine proteases secreted by equine mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) has been shown to destabilize methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilms, thereby increasing the efficacy of antibiotics that were previously tolerated by the biofilms (penicillin/streptomycin), and the equine MSCs secretome can inhibits biofilm formation of various bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis.	[44]
Aureolysin (Aur)	A staphylococcal metalloprotease that has been shown to disrupt S. aureus biofilms by degrading Bap and clumping factor b.	[45,46]
LapG	A protease produced by Pseudomonas putida and has been shown to trigger biofilm dispersal event through modification of the outer membrane-associated and exopolysaccharide-binding protein LapA.	[47]
Proteinase K	A highly reactive and stable serine protease with a broad range of cleavage activity that targets peptide bonds which are adjacent to the carboxylic group of aliphatic and aromatic amino acids. It is active against the biofilms produced by a wide range of bacteria strains, including S. aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Staphylococcus heamolyticus, Gardnerella vaginalis, and E. coli, Heamophilus influenza, and Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus.	[48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55]
Spl	A group of six Staphylococcal serine proteases that are involved in S. aureus biofilm dispersal, possibly through the cleavage of a cell wall-associated protein EbpS.	[56,57]
ScpA, SspB	Belongs to Staphylococcal cysteine proteases and have been shown to disperse S. aureus biofilms through degrading unknown target(s).	[45,58]
SpeB	A Streptococcus pyogenes cysteine protease which has recently been shown to be involved in in vivo dispersal of S. pyogenes biofilms through the hydrolysis of surface proteins M and F1, which are hypothesized to be involved in microcolony formation.	[59,60,61]
SPRE	An endogenous Streptococcal protease which results in S. mutans monolayer biofilm detachment from colonized surface through releasing the surface protein antigen P1.	[62]
Trypsin	A member of pancreatic serine protease that cleaves peptides at the carboxyl side of lysine or arginine, and actives against biofilms produced by multiple bacterial species, including P. aeruginosa, Streptococcus mitis, Actinomyces radicidentis, S. epidermidis, and G. vaginalis.	[48,55,63,64]
SspA	A staphylococcal serine protease that degrades fibronectin binding proteins and Bap in S. aureus biofilms.	[46,65]