Table 1.
Composition of alginate (ALG) solutions and their physiochemical properties. Superscript letters denote significance, whereby groups that do not share a letter are significantly different p < 0.05 (n = 3).
| Solution | ALG Concentration % w/v | Tween 20 % v/v | Electrical Conductivity (mS/cm) | Viscosity (mPa S) | Surface Tension (mN/m) | Density (kg/m3) | pH | Spray | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stability | Mode | ||||||||
| S1 | 0.5 | - | 1.92 ± 0.09 A | 24.45 ± 0.04 D | 62.90 ± 0.27 A | 1003 ± 0.00 C | 6.57 ± 0.010 C | unstable | cone jet |
| S2 | 1 | - | 2.64 ± 0.06 B | 59.03 ± 0.05 C | 65.02 ± 0.01 B | 1004 ± 0.01 C | 6.57 ± 0.017 C | unstable | cone jet |
| S3 | 1.5 | - | 3.76 ± 0.05 C | 121.26 ± 0.05 B | 66.46 ± 0.30 C | 1070 ± 0.01 B,C | 6.66 ± 0.025 B | unstable | multijet |
| S4 | 2 | - | 4.67 ± 0.02 D | 134.85 ± 0.04 B | 68.13 ± 0.74 D | 1070 ± 0.03 B,C | 6.64 ± 0.040 B | unstable | multijet |
| S5 | 2.5 | - | 6.76 ± 0.02 E | 138.04 ± 0.05 B | 69.99 ± 0.12 E | 1090 ± 0.04 B | 6.68 ± 0.012 A,B | unstable | multijet |
| S6 | 3 | - | 8.59 ± 0.05 F | 356.10 ± 0.08 A | 71.30 ± 0.50 F | 1170 ± 0.04 A | 6.73 ± 0.012 A | unstable | multijet |
| S7 | 0.5 | 1 | 1.73 ± 0.03 G | 30.36 ± 0.04 D | 34.86 ±0.16 G | 1009 ± 0.00 C | 5.47 ± 0.040 D | stable | cone jet |
| S8 | 1 | 1 | 2.88 ± 0.121 H | 59.03 ± 0.05 C | 36.29 ±0.16 H | 1006 ± 0.00 C | 5.47 ± 0.020 D | stable | cone jet |