Table 4.
Chronological examples of some studies with cellulose and CNF-based materials in biomedical applications.
| Material | Advantage | Method | Application | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Super critically dried silica sol-gel discs | Facilitate the detection of chemicals and organisms | Use of viruses to trigger a response in immobilised bacteria and chemicals | Biosensors and diagnostics | [96] |
| Cellulose-based hydrogel | Superabsorbent capacity and satisfying biodegradability | Tested for biodegradability and antibacterial activity against E.coli | Antibacterial activity | [97] |
| Ultrafine cellulose acetate fibres with silver nanoparticles | Very strong antimicrobial activity | Direct electrospinning of a CA solution with small amounts of AgNO3 and then photoreduction | Antimicrobial film | [98] |
| Cellulose acetate nanofibre | Inhibit the growth of G+ and G- bacteria | cellulose acetate nanofibre membrane using supercritical carbon dioxide | Strong antibacterial film | [99] |
| Hydroxyapatite/bacterial cellulose (HAp/BC) nanocomposite | Better adhesion and activity and faster proliferated | HAp/BC nanocomposite scaffolds were prepared to utilise the biomimetic technique | Bone tissue engineering. | [100] |
| Bacterial cellulose (BC) aerogel | Easily equipped No aide interactions |
BC aerogel matrix loaded with drug and the release behaviour from the matrix were studied | Drug delivery | [101] |
| Bacterial CNF incorporated with gold nanoparticles | Biocatalytic activity and fast response in low conc. of H2O2 | Immobilisation of heme proteins and enzymes | Fabrication of H2O2 biosensors. | [102] |
| Hydrophobic nanocellulose aerogels | Increase oral availability of drugs | Physical adsorption of a drug to aerogel for oral administration | Drug delivery system | [103] |
| Nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) aerogels | Controlled drug delivery | NFC hydrogels are incorporated with the drug then convert it to aerogel | Drug delivery system | [104] |
| NCF/collagen composite aerogels | Strong absorption Biocompatible High proliferation. |
Di-aldehyde NCFs and collagen were cross-linked together and formed the composite aerogels. | Tissue engineering and wound dressing | [105] |
| Nanocellulose aerogel (NCA) | Significant increase in cell count. | Cultured NIH 3T3 cells for two weeks on NCA. | Scaffolds for 3D cell culture | [106] |
| Nanocellulose aerogel (NA) | Monitor the level of protease in chronic wounds | The complex of polypeptide-NA (PepNA) to detect the sensitivity of PepNA for human neutrophil. | Biosensors | [107] |
| Antibacterial cellulose-based aerogel | Bacterial inhibition rate of >99.99%. | Fixing antibacterial substances on the surface of cellulose aerogels. | Bacterial growth inhibition | [108] |
| CNF composite aerogel | Significant increase in cell count. | Cultured 3T3 NIH cells on poly (vinyl alcohol). | Scaffolds for 3D cell culture | [90] |
| NFC aerogel | Noticeable increase in drug release | Loaded of NFC aerogel with alkylating antineoplastic agent. | Cancer treatments | [109] |
| Nanocellulose derivate aerogel | Complete inhibition of tested bacteria. | Loading lysozymes and silver nanoparticles on CNF aerogel. | Bacterial growth inhibition | [110] |
| Strain-sensing protonated CNF aerogel | Stretchable and sensitive | Cross-linking CNF surface with PSS in PEDOT/PSS generated PEDOT/PSS/CNF aerogels | Biosensors | [111] |
| Nanocellulose/gelatine composite cryogels | Controllable porosity, and good biocompatibility | Used cross-linked di-aldehyde starch as carriers for controlled 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) release. | Controlled drug release | [112] |