. 2020 Aug 7;11(8):906. doi: 10.3390/genes11080906

Table 4.

Examples of external factors that can enhance the biosynthesis of anthocyanins and other phenolics in carrots, and their effects on other plant species.

External Factor	Phenolic Quantified **	Species	Tissue	Reference
Ethephon	TA^65%; TP^25%	Black Carrot	root	[112]
Sucrose	TA^756%	Carrot	Callus	[126]
	TA^225%	Carrot	Callus	[127]
	TA^600%	Arabidopsis	Seedling	[117]
	TA^>600%	Arabidopsis	Seedling	[124]
	TA^570%; A5^>2000%; A8^>600%; A9^>4000%; A11^>300%	Arabidopsis	Seedling	[123]
	TA^300%	Grape	Cell culture	[120]
	TA^1500%	Radish	Hypocotyl	[121]
	TA^>60%	Petunia	Seedling	[125]
Mannitol^+SUC	TA^156%	Carrot	Callus	[126]
Mannitol	TA^60%	Arabidopsis	Seedling	[131]
N limitation	TA^160%	Carrot	Callus	[126]
	TA^4400%	Arabidopsis	Seedling	[129]
	TA^750%; quercetin^700%; kaempfero^l200%; cyanidin^>3000%	Arabidopsis	Seedling	[109]
Pi limitation	TA^120%	Carrot	Callus	[126]
Pi limitation	TA^500%	Arabidopsis	Seedling	[109]
Wounding	TP^750%; CHA^500%; FA^165%; IC^290%	Carrot	Root *	[132]
	TP^800%; CHA^500%; IC^1300%	Carrot	Root *	[133]
	TP^252%; CHA^1000%; 3,5-diCQA^80%; FA^>1000%; IC^>1000%	Carrot	Root *	[134]
	TP^287%; 3-CQA^700%; 3,5-diCQA^>3500%; 4,5-diCQA^150%; FA^140%	Carrot	Root *	[135]
ET^+W	TP^65%; CHA^90%; IC^1860%	Carrot	Root *	[132]
UV^+W	TP^143%; CHA^600%; FA^100%; IC^60%	Carrot	Root *	[136]
UV^+W	TP250%; CHA750%	Carrot	Root *	[137]
Hyperoxia^+W	TP^30%; 3-CQA^75%; 3,5-diCQA^75%; 4,5-diCQA^100%; FA^70%	Carrot	Root *	[135]
High Temp^+W	TP^150%	Carrot	Root *	[138]
Glyphosate^+W	SA^938%; CHA^1988%; FA^938%	Carrot	Root *	[139]

+SUC External factor tested in sucrose-enriched conditions. +W External factor tested in addition to wounding. * Post harvest study. ** Subset of phenolic compounds quantified in the corresponding study, which showing a significant increase in response to the elicitor treatment. The percentage of maximum increase (in some case estimated from data chart) caused by the elicitor is indicated in superscript; the sign “>” indicates that the compound was not detectable in the control sample. Total phenolics (TP), total anthocyanin (TA), total flavonoid (TF), shikimic acid (SA), chlorogenic acid (CHA), ferulic acid (FA), isocoumarin (IC), 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (4,5-diCQA), 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid (3-CQA), 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-diCQA); Arabidopsis cyaniding-based anthocyanin type A5 (A5), A8 (A8), A9 (A9), A11 (A11).